tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81180940563567379522024-03-13T06:05:18.565-04:00 Jane Griswold RadocchiaArchitect and HistorianJanehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.comBlogger266125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-14850102509358349782024-02-17T12:05:00.004-05:002024-02-19T16:35:46.369-05:00"Keep Within the Compass", Cautionary Prints, c. 1785<br /><br /><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSuAfkD8sAgqSClWAT9y-Fk7jQOqQxBYOJneOaqstcT7DQd81hiHq2VmTdQsd9Igr-99bDKnk0jZ0QNUm6pqxWG0Ssh9rtOWTlDv9fYhbkKcuB3PRTKuSs2MbKL3EfXdjOG-lVxSq4SngSLY-TBe3lub1SmoNWA9Z0O6poqOaU9luz99AWICi68B6X-r9T/s3557/1-IMG-9514-004.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3557" data-original-width="2945" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSuAfkD8sAgqSClWAT9y-Fk7jQOqQxBYOJneOaqstcT7DQd81hiHq2VmTdQsd9Igr-99bDKnk0jZ0QNUm6pqxWG0Ssh9rtOWTlDv9fYhbkKcuB3PRTKuSs2MbKL3EfXdjOG-lVxSq4SngSLY-TBe3lub1SmoNWA9Z0O6poqOaU9luz99AWICi68B6X-r9T/s320/1-IMG-9514-004.jpg" width="265" /></a></div><p>Here: a well off and contented woman, her space defined by the compass which is encompassed by a circle. <br /></p><p>The print, dated 1785, is now in the British Museum. Prints like this showing women and men within the circle, scribed by the open compass, with corner vignettes, were common c.1780.<i> </i></p><p> The woman is sheltered by the compass. She is in a tranquil country setting with her dog and her wealth, her book. Beyond the circle is the vivid story of her possible dissolution: drink and gambling leading her to debtors' prison where she must break hemp. </p><p>The words on the circle are, "keep within the compass and you shall be sure to avoid many troubles which others endure". On the swing arm of the compass is engraved, "Fear God'.<br /></p><p>Googling the phrase running around the circle, "Keep within the Compass" brings up this image and a description of Free Masonry, including the idea of the circle as a symbol for God. </p><p>Whoever wrote the entry ignored that well made, shiny compass with a serrated, adjustable swing arm, tapered legs with well defined knobs and sharp points ready to scribe that circle. The commentary only says that it shelters the woman. <br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinj2nHvsP6cOZhCI_IND5y1P_jsAktBVc6p-40Yu_i0W6jBDq1mq7Hw_ivfqYM-Ekd1z8NSnQTpCx4MZeHNsScQz7bi3pqdzxtKwvuTEFQRc7SZCVM8M0LjiDLkCI5Q28Q5oTA1tlI-0Z2zuVxmK_zKPPHY7Dv0ZEt6RTzKkPf03GfetgOqoRVKTMsD3lG/s489/3-IMG_E9665.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="489" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinj2nHvsP6cOZhCI_IND5y1P_jsAktBVc6p-40Yu_i0W6jBDq1mq7Hw_ivfqYM-Ekd1z8NSnQTpCx4MZeHNsScQz7bi3pqdzxtKwvuTEFQRc7SZCVM8M0LjiDLkCI5Q28Q5oTA1tlI-0Z2zuVxmK_zKPPHY7Dv0ZEt6RTzKkPf03GfetgOqoRVKTMsD3lG/w200-h195/3-IMG_E9665.JPG" width="200" /></a></p><p>Why did the print maker draw a compass so carefully if it wasn't part of the visual message? A shiny shimmering circle would have sufficed. The compass is a tool; here the tool of God, and the tool required to draw the circle.<br /></p><p>I think the writer, and we as a culture, have forgotten common skills and so we no longer understand references and images our ancestors took for granted. <br /></p><p>As recently as 1950, compasses were tools, used every day by people
who built with their hands: masons, carpenters, as well as architects
and designers. This image is an illustration from <u>Basic Technical Drawing</u>, published by The Macmillan Company in 1956 and 1962, written by Henry Cecil Spence. <br /></p><p>70+ years later we have almost no experience of geometry as practical knowledge, of compasses as instruments. <br /></p><p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHxSvFtkg_z6u049ia09abQc7Xa4fLlut2zBWELOy8u4h12Ze_GD8XFTtPCOCqp5yyozH3eO8o1qxtGVLiifFywZTw3sz-H6_oMz5ndUELi9uWFQihAPMRNMbT74Rf58CAKWCBuROLkUxRDQ4JHKAmT5xEUZYoX36z_Qj0CKWiTz3468hQjYKxnS31Xj9q/s2173/1-Image%20(8).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2173" data-original-width="1405" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHxSvFtkg_z6u049ia09abQc7Xa4fLlut2zBWELOy8u4h12Ze_GD8XFTtPCOCqp5yyozH3eO8o1qxtGVLiifFywZTw3sz-H6_oMz5ndUELi9uWFQihAPMRNMbT74Rf58CAKWCBuROLkUxRDQ4JHKAmT5xEUZYoX36z_Qj0CKWiTz3468hQjYKxnS31Xj9q/w235-h365/1-Image%20(8).jpg" width="235" /></a></p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><p>When the 'Keep within the Compass' print was first made the designs in patterns books included geometry as a matter of course.</p><p>Plate XXXVIII in William Pain's pattern book, <u>The Practical House Carpenter</u>, printed in London in 1794, assumed that his readers used geometry: "..<i>.the height of the column... to be divided into 9 equal parts, one of which will be the diameter of the column at bottom..."</i> </p><p>His description for the pediment begins, "<i>to find the pitch of the pediment set the compass at <b>a</b>...</i>" His readers understood the compass cues: the letters and the <span style="color: red;">dashed lines</span>, the notation of lengths on the <span style="color: red;">line</span> along the left side. </p><p> </p><p></p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv0_G5t5JIFIJpK2z6y4YQqREZAVc10I_F43I5L2O9H6nxF4jOkMJGE_V_9DWnJd7oeE6lYgNSL9AiTQrr0fiIhRSRMSUq148uFjAx3Xs4nvezRTMkwwWuNTRRWrSZ-NucBWUDE5PiLQNvYtNkYNjiOsiVjJ3mCOu5_826Snzz0V6PkoldowvcaEK8GWg4/s760/1-IMG_0748.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="626" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv0_G5t5JIFIJpK2z6y4YQqREZAVc10I_F43I5L2O9H6nxF4jOkMJGE_V_9DWnJd7oeE6lYgNSL9AiTQrr0fiIhRSRMSUq148uFjAx3Xs4nvezRTMkwwWuNTRRWrSZ-NucBWUDE5PiLQNvYtNkYNjiOsiVjJ3mCOu5_826Snzz0V6PkoldowvcaEK8GWg4/w237-h287/1-IMG_0748.jpg" width="237" /></a><p></p><p> </p><p>Here is Plate X in Asher Benjamin's pattern book, <u>The Country Builder's Assistant, </u>printed in Greenfield, MA, in 1797.<br /></p><p>His descriptions include '<i>diameters</i>', '<i>arch lines'</i> and notes about where to '<i>set the compass</i>'. He writes, "<i>Divide the height of the column into 10 parts, one of which is the diameter of the column."</i><br /></p><p>The compass was used for measuring as well as a layout.<br /><br /></p><p> </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj18Vr1BjwO7IWmbgteSnbn4-Q63ofWQqZDWYG7XeOe5R0R6a4esT_yloFwW_uIhuTWm7E-2KI8OoypmRGVYN4UcqafMWAjRMF3v-dm77wQptO0FbCGsZMPvcuINX2LReUMUXc8S8ZW-jOxuzRTJND-jQeyy2vGY7bI9xDaDD4_L6C2xGYW75CttOIB9-FP/s2224/7-IMG_5312.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2224" data-original-width="1475" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj18Vr1BjwO7IWmbgteSnbn4-Q63ofWQqZDWYG7XeOe5R0R6a4esT_yloFwW_uIhuTWm7E-2KI8OoypmRGVYN4UcqafMWAjRMF3v-dm77wQptO0FbCGsZMPvcuINX2LReUMUXc8S8ZW-jOxuzRTJND-jQeyy2vGY7bI9xDaDD4_L6C2xGYW75CttOIB9-FP/s320/7-IMG_5312.JPG" width="212" /></a></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>This sculpture of James Watt. the Scottish engineer, carved about 1820, during his life time, shows him using a compass to design the steam engine. </p><p>The compass was an engineer's design tool.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8PzqpXDUZ3VSWYiT-XQUXPJHWYy0IYTY_c24KLIyQxDrnAU-ZUdlRDGdyoNYljnC-_J4XA-PLCJwUJwvLTAW-jTXpY79Fcgu6wMEAjY2UrSoh3tuPwFujkT64M66aujkXlQ0sv4TqLSS8W-ImXMWu1_nWXLs_cu0cV85G6jj7_Zr_lGuti2Pf9VzY66DR/s1412/6-IMG_E5311.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1412" data-original-width="1365" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8PzqpXDUZ3VSWYiT-XQUXPJHWYy0IYTY_c24KLIyQxDrnAU-ZUdlRDGdyoNYljnC-_J4XA-PLCJwUJwvLTAW-jTXpY79Fcgu6wMEAjY2UrSoh3tuPwFujkT64M66aujkXlQ0sv4TqLSS8W-ImXMWu1_nWXLs_cu0cV85G6jj7_Zr_lGuti2Pf9VzY66DR/w193-h200/6-IMG_E5311.JPG" width="193" /></a></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>James Watts' little compass is a measuring and design tool, a tool for thinking carefully, thoughtfully.<br /></p><p> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-NRz9S-OnNVSltOik1tXkrUBk7-8mAZ4dewtU3gR_B0Z2SFycXMP-9UAyI_dElHNumjsRs__mPxwXsN1ZIEDi5WwFSFuLOUB4Mlm5ouXZK2OXdFg1Rf2UFSlY2V0keNsNcyZrQxj45f09zaVrvdIMTPwycgVt4aHuWXcw9OGBTUzIJsmn1I0pCQEI2No/s1518/1-IMG-9115.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1518" data-original-width="1093" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-NRz9S-OnNVSltOik1tXkrUBk7-8mAZ4dewtU3gR_B0Z2SFycXMP-9UAyI_dElHNumjsRs__mPxwXsN1ZIEDi5WwFSFuLOUB4Mlm5ouXZK2OXdFg1Rf2UFSlY2V0keNsNcyZrQxj45f09zaVrvdIMTPwycgVt4aHuWXcw9OGBTUzIJsmn1I0pCQEI2No/w460-h640/1-IMG-9115.jpg" width="460" /></a></div>Here are 2 more historic prints of people within the compass and pictures in the corners of their desolution if they do not keep within the compass. <br /><p></p><p> The gentlewoman is finely dressed with a devoted pup and a chest of jewels and garments beside her, a purse on her arm, a book in her hand. She keeps within the circle drawn by the compass. The sky is a lovely blue.<br /></p><p>Clockwise from the upper right: The gentlewoman drinks, does not tend to her baby or her sewing.</p><p>She gambles and plays cards. losing her money. </p><p>The constable (in blue, an official someone) takes her off to debtors prison</p><p>where she must break hemp to help make the ropes for the English navy, and will be flogged if she doesn't.</p><p> And, in case you needed reminding, "Prudence produceth esteem".</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqC_y6Ds5ZqNAyoyocGMOy8ey0rcA_SdisDIc7cBPXubJd_q4L5Pf5tkcEyaUyRe58yxaEC6WeUQUFdaXXihiZNHFwEPm14VvkK5o6G4o23bvcAHQjRA450dKOuc-c16zHBd16fX_wMWA2F8I-312w8GzxJQEkxuCPiD5X96yyQRneD5zVHIrYVf-7hLTM/s1795/2-IMG-9113.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1795" data-original-width="1373" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqC_y6Ds5ZqNAyoyocGMOy8ey0rcA_SdisDIc7cBPXubJd_q4L5Pf5tkcEyaUyRe58yxaEC6WeUQUFdaXXihiZNHFwEPm14VvkK5o6G4o23bvcAHQjRA450dKOuc-c16zHBd16fX_wMWA2F8I-312w8GzxJQEkxuCPiD5X96yyQRneD5zVHIrYVf-7hLTM/w490-h640/2-IMG-9113.jpg" width="490" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB7V9ZJUAqTaghXv_g6O3xSOU4g7R0EDFuCu98KJo1FzG-3pgsm2mZKESWYfb3mZWKt0DW-kwhxP4DGux-Yu26icap9CpKFFjZAUipTBaw0wqIsaOUlinbF3NaE6sSybEvUvTodBwLTEscKISQdNJtOdR5k3JmlAxKL9gqAIiFZidqH9uu-GZZcoQaXP-B/s626/1-IMG-9514.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /></p><p>Here is the gentleman, prosperous with land, servants, crops, a mill. He is finely dressed and well fed. </p><p>In the corners are his downfall because he did not "keep within the compass": wine and women, gambling in the upper corners. </p><p>His investments, his goods and ships, are lost at sea so that he too ends up in debtors' prison.</p><p> <br /></p><p>The final words: "Industry produceth wealth" <br /><br /><br /> </p><p></p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmTd_GlRgZLcj9Exl4E7IjNzaXA3-chBYKAaFM9hmkBnUOiIncCAT75HPOtM0zfrIRqq324ekzgHar-bevgqzXiuJG7VU1_7547FR0B1aYN9yrK8pnO-uNX58p09G08WaL96jcfsYBDNhJMTIzijyVj1GVuZmNcqc7BNF1HbmzEPUvayoHiTa7kKa1o6QN/s1402/03-IMG_E6393.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1402" data-original-width="1154" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmTd_GlRgZLcj9Exl4E7IjNzaXA3-chBYKAaFM9hmkBnUOiIncCAT75HPOtM0zfrIRqq324ekzgHar-bevgqzXiuJG7VU1_7547FR0B1aYN9yrK8pnO-uNX58p09G08WaL96jcfsYBDNhJMTIzijyVj1GVuZmNcqc7BNF1HbmzEPUvayoHiTa7kKa1o6QN/w329-h400/03-IMG_E6393.JPG" width="329" /></a></div><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>In case you wondered: God knows about compasses. Here He is creating the world, from the frontispiece of a German Bible, c. 1250. <br /> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>My thanks to Patrick Kennedy (of Historicorp and PTN) who introduced me to these images several years ago. <br /></p><p>To see the prints at a bigger scale look for the British Museum website and 'Keep within the Compass' online.<br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p> </p> <p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimTEvabRaUAEmvOtvDOKLFepePFKiybhFSlFjdTq71Pd_wkY3FlctNIyJXkHYaUvF-qRKvY4WzoL7RmxcFb9jsUAl6Vs9k9qbH0XQU9OPYzT5QcM99U64_Zti7Hi-omHLjIs0iMDGXprcZTcbTyC_KHR0MsFhef3hK5fOyLIU7u9_pkNlw87eL_Uylw11n/s588/1-IMG-9514-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="588" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimTEvabRaUAEmvOtvDOKLFepePFKiybhFSlFjdTq71Pd_wkY3FlctNIyJXkHYaUvF-qRKvY4WzoL7RmxcFb9jsUAl6Vs9k9qbH0XQU9OPYzT5QcM99U64_Zti7Hi-omHLjIs0iMDGXprcZTcbTyC_KHR0MsFhef3hK5fOyLIU7u9_pkNlw87eL_Uylw11n/s320/1-IMG-9514-002.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLhwZaMPy2xihEzO-oDbKpibKRYzDFis04BU9MRspSLPZcZ-X1DXYpVkaNLhj0Kj1oADn5LZDG8ge15ciklQn-Gn-yEa6gNkTRCbAuB-2_HVLxpVrDULq23UhjeVzvJvdbd0fCqC9zbwLYy_NWczhBh0l1qG1oRl1CnIhtbGENR5oiVfujRalS4RkbPrFX/s702/1-IMG-9514-003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="702" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLhwZaMPy2xihEzO-oDbKpibKRYzDFis04BU9MRspSLPZcZ-X1DXYpVkaNLhj0Kj1oADn5LZDG8ge15ciklQn-Gn-yEa6gNkTRCbAuB-2_HVLxpVrDULq23UhjeVzvJvdbd0fCqC9zbwLYy_NWczhBh0l1qG1oRl1CnIhtbGENR5oiVfujRalS4RkbPrFX/s320/1-IMG-9514-003.jpg" width="320" /></a> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmEGpzdishzbBndM_DIZTyUSo8oBevFenDJfIhMQAR2Tjdbni1xCBP7FTsF_ZLnqgqq-NxHEdXqxQ611xAEe1DQC6l6wDwG4FpenPgm84b0dQ2xFXmSzfgWsedQcQDYVGjAMvk6Qo1oYA6eLgZTYmU8D3jzxqwe7DTYTb0tamchP8oP4Mr24W3tv-6Kv1o/s3189/1-IMG_E7078.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2275" data-original-width="3189" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmEGpzdishzbBndM_DIZTyUSo8oBevFenDJfIhMQAR2Tjdbni1xCBP7FTsF_ZLnqgqq-NxHEdXqxQ611xAEe1DQC6l6wDwG4FpenPgm84b0dQ2xFXmSzfgWsedQcQDYVGjAMvk6Qo1oYA6eLgZTYmU8D3jzxqwe7DTYTb0tamchP8oP4Mr24W3tv-6Kv1o/w400-h285/1-IMG_E7078.JPG" width="400" /></a></div> <p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> * William Pain, <u>The Practical House Carpenter, </u>1794, 5th edition, London<u>;</u> Plate 38. Reproduction from British Library by Gale Ecco Print Editions<u><br /></u></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The ones sold as toys lack sharp points. They are useless because they
skitter across the paper. Without a fixed point for a center a compass
can not draw a circle.</p><p><br /></p><br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-2898101043576075002024-01-09T14:28:00.002-05:002024-01-10T05:59:52.518-05:00The Practical Geometry of the Parson Barnard House: Addendum<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM7G0fyg9UNhjrHaZiL4poPXFJDmM6zrPiHFzhhKuVscFtxuqTF4ACZNW0orC61ZskUY-Wr133hMm8_3ooJIaplzMXnQerTG58U6qmaDdH_j2P5utNJaOlBPfqDwtv41h2Xt9USGy7zRvxJxS9y1iCwVhupp8cKlcnrlDWoyE1PdVQXssUBfFOCqxLGRT3/s1399/5-IMG_E1924.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="1399" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM7G0fyg9UNhjrHaZiL4poPXFJDmM6zrPiHFzhhKuVscFtxuqTF4ACZNW0orC61ZskUY-Wr133hMm8_3ooJIaplzMXnQerTG58U6qmaDdH_j2P5utNJaOlBPfqDwtv41h2Xt9USGy7zRvxJxS9y1iCwVhupp8cKlcnrlDWoyE1PdVQXssUBfFOCqxLGRT3/s320/5-IMG_E1924.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p>How did the builders of the Parson Barnard House actually use Practical Geometry? <br />Did they have to draw arcs with twine every time they wanted to measure something? </p><p>Probably not. I think that they knew the geometry so well that they could take short cuts in laying out a house .*</p><p>Consider a carpenter's education in 1715, when this house was built. A boy would have been apprenticed to a carpenter when he was about 11 years old. Along with woodworking skills he would have learned the fundamentals of geometry: how to use a compass and line for measuring lengths, how to lay out basic shapes with a compass and a straight edge. </p><p>After 7 years of training the apprentice became a journeymen. He would have traveled and worked for other carpenters. He would have broaden his understanding of practical geometry and understood how geometry works. He would have been able to skip steps.</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhWOVi8JINIAIGBGg5VKz5OL8ifjht_cWV4mHLgS0-F6e91ZIgq5FBWsD-6EDiU__kcJm1rmpltsEg5azmlGxpfhjzVa8DNlbs6yMphCEh86wYuGqkOhSQG16XfJpPPbGAEZqSickC4U_fEutkNmLINZiHenlAX4X3JjXg8GjL_cTKhDx7HhiaNhc3tNqL/s1378/3-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="1378" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhWOVi8JINIAIGBGg5VKz5OL8ifjht_cWV4mHLgS0-F6e91ZIgq5FBWsD-6EDiU__kcJm1rmpltsEg5azmlGxpfhjzVa8DNlbs6yMphCEh86wYuGqkOhSQG16XfJpPPbGAEZqSickC4U_fEutkNmLINZiHenlAX4X3JjXg8GjL_cTKhDx7HhiaNhc3tNqL/w200-h115/3-Image.jpg" width="200" /></a> </p><p>The previous posts on the Parson Barnard House** explored the geometry used to lay out the house frame and window locations on the front facade. </p><p> </p><p>The<span style="color: red;"> width</span> chosen for the sill, about 18 feet, was the dimension used for the the layout. The room sizes and the overall<span style="color: red;"> width</span> and <span style="color: red;">length</span> of the house come from that first length. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijmJHnWMqNg9L7NJc087HrsrgA2DGPHNbo3G9P6dg3xlZUMtvfwB1IPa-lsIkTLoRJPTA_TBVK7JSe_iBRPmrAz8GzsBLUJw2NZG8yRMFiJ1At1Dki8oltCPLMvfPJTty1GVNCSx8D9x4Fpl4iF9GQYKcosadfBvYRyY2peIidOTuwXnisXpyXBOCcCbUR/s1263/1-Image%20(7).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1263" data-original-width="997" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijmJHnWMqNg9L7NJc087HrsrgA2DGPHNbo3G9P6dg3xlZUMtvfwB1IPa-lsIkTLoRJPTA_TBVK7JSe_iBRPmrAz8GzsBLUJw2NZG8yRMFiJ1At1Dki8oltCPLMvfPJTty1GVNCSx8D9x4Fpl4iF9GQYKcosadfBvYRyY2peIidOTuwXnisXpyXBOCcCbUR/w158-h200/1-Image%20(7).jpg" width="158" /></a> <br /></div><p></p><p><br /></p><p>The <span style="color: red;">sill length</span> was also the beam length for all <b>the bents. </b> </p><p><i>The <span style="color: red;">diagonals</span> are <span style="color: red;">the Lines </span>which true the rectangle's corners and mark the location of the 2nd fl. beam. See earlier posts**<br /></i></p><p> </p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidRo8HlWJC7Ivmvef5nVuFnZJ6UVlScLEplgQOEH1DIp4VR2rEsdYSxU-Oa5vE-_HTJIBjQdd7n2Pl1BUSKN5cIcClhkNPANBHDwVWIewDFaAXXVXS09O1w09M1hSiL0WWEUz3ch3H25KUdM_1PgaD9-VNLlr0gs-tvyne_j_E3rfUTZ7GTIxS8CBvtXf5/s2993/1-1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1796" data-original-width="2993" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidRo8HlWJC7Ivmvef5nVuFnZJ6UVlScLEplgQOEH1DIp4VR2rEsdYSxU-Oa5vE-_HTJIBjQdd7n2Pl1BUSKN5cIcClhkNPANBHDwVWIewDFaAXXVXS09O1w09M1hSiL0WWEUz3ch3H25KUdM_1PgaD9-VNLlr0gs-tvyne_j_E3rfUTZ7GTIxS8CBvtXf5/w200-h120/1-1-Image%20(2).jpg" width="200" /></a> <br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The <b>chimney mass</b> is the only part of the house with unrelated dimensions. Built of brick, it used the <b>3/4/5 rectangle</b>.**</p><p></p><p> </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnC3kyFzUSIY76C2eP9UntnAkp-8AOKeXP5k2i9uchNbdeLfx8r8p7YFX-w1fi-nsC0exwL1RN6OcDqQ_6kWGL5KOctUaPCtPkeXe2hLjGWCrYLlcHEDwtv_Wbz5Ux80ss9jyD_VVaIutwiLOU8BdtKxskSXKBDKZHmAFKyL7ufZagfQC7u-rlpd9-MAA6/s627/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="612" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnC3kyFzUSIY76C2eP9UntnAkp-8AOKeXP5k2i9uchNbdeLfx8r8p7YFX-w1fi-nsC0exwL1RN6OcDqQ_6kWGL5KOctUaPCtPkeXe2hLjGWCrYLlcHEDwtv_Wbz5Ux80ss9jyD_VVaIutwiLOU8BdtKxskSXKBDKZHmAFKyL7ufZagfQC7u-rlpd9-MAA6/w195-h200/1-Image.jpg" width="195" /></a> <br /></p><p>The carpenters would have staked a line at one end of the house for the exterior of the foundation <b>1-2</b>. <br />Then they laid out the length, 18ft, and staked it <span style="color: red;">1-2</span>. They laid
out a right angle (here shown as a<b> 3/4/5 triangle), </b>and extended that
line<span style="color: red;"> 1-3</span> 18 ft. - marking the second side of the square; they didn't need to swing <span style="color: red;">the arc</span>. from <b>2</b> to locate <b>3</b>, marking 3 corners of the square: <b>1, 2, and 3</b>. </p><p> </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLzWM0DS4axHBLEhwp8-NyBx7fJ89K-0jxHbEgdFf1whux2EsbWQWsCgM9kNm3F80rlfuobV_31zp7Y2r_vdMfHqqnfGYDgHlN2rsL6f_ppu4iXIxvpUHi0dBDaqOKmc4G_EgAOiQ8RGP1QsRN2seIzrVsePXmv5miypWWLJBzLsN5qrXa6RO5bGI36A8E/s713/1-Image-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="713" data-original-width="712" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLzWM0DS4axHBLEhwp8-NyBx7fJ89K-0jxHbEgdFf1whux2EsbWQWsCgM9kNm3F80rlfuobV_31zp7Y2r_vdMfHqqnfGYDgHlN2rsL6f_ppu4iXIxvpUHi0dBDaqOKmc4G_EgAOiQ8RGP1QsRN2seIzrVsePXmv5miypWWLJBzLsN5qrXa6RO5bGI36A8E/w200-h200/1-Image-001.jpg" width="200" /></a><br /> </p><p> </p><p>The 18 ft. <span style="color: red;">Lines</span> arced from the corners<b> 2 and 3</b> would cross, locating <b>the
4th point</b>. The carpenters didn't need to draw <span style="color: red;">the arcs,</span> just where they
crossed.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Then they would check to be sure it was true, just as builders do today.<br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmajTcneW9D5qXE8GVjO4rKRLWRz2_EGyFtKYX6ct-NOQvNPCstWT7dIWRKeehJCHgbAhJ2OBToCQEHPnj12IzPNfxvqO1KmNI6GwHKFLldRqxm2V39d3zwMz3E-h5kQ-xfaE_nI-xLoQeAY1AFCajCfpSzdm7-ZVvLw4quN89ak7JzVnlNM0gkmX_kq1u/s571/1-Image-003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="571" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmajTcneW9D5qXE8GVjO4rKRLWRz2_EGyFtKYX6ct-NOQvNPCstWT7dIWRKeehJCHgbAhJ2OBToCQEHPnj12IzPNfxvqO1KmNI6GwHKFLldRqxm2V39d3zwMz3E-h5kQ-xfaE_nI-xLoQeAY1AFCajCfpSzdm7-ZVvLw4quN89ak7JzVnlNM0gkmX_kq1u/w200-h198/1-Image-003.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br /></div><p> </p><p>Matching <span style="color: red;">diagonals</span> across the square would confirm the carpenters' accuracy. <span style="color: red;">1-2 = 3-4</span><br /></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpuMHq71s02F_6aoeQ0pC-Q_Y0WBCGHtNlHsLSbo8dXsRUIOgCT38nbXPenAZUyc0oxp5hG7vJ7aRtfxyTDB51YnOPdvpoyW8ttme3GKfJIhFCJTWfkXBeCzM-Izxtk-oWmywtM9KpT1LC77EXWJEmTkxgrZ5ip2lvS1Hr4As82mUNw4ykNRMNwb1UaOMc/s605/1-Image-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="599" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpuMHq71s02F_6aoeQ0pC-Q_Y0WBCGHtNlHsLSbo8dXsRUIOgCT38nbXPenAZUyc0oxp5hG7vJ7aRtfxyTDB51YnOPdvpoyW8ttme3GKfJIhFCJTWfkXBeCzM-Izxtk-oWmywtM9KpT1LC77EXWJEmTkxgrZ5ip2lvS1Hr4As82mUNw4ykNRMNwb1UaOMc/w198-h200/1-Image-002.jpg" width="198" /></a></p><p></p><p>The Parson Barnard House geometry uses the<span style="color: red;"> length A</span> for its floor plan and its bents. That length comes from the arcs of the length of the bent. It could have been found by 1) folding the <b>Line</b> (about 18 ft long, the length of the bent) <span style="color: red;">in half,</span> and then 2) marking where <span style="color: red;">the arcs</span> cross (<b>dot</b>). A length from the base to the arcs' intersection, the <span style="color: red;">dashed line A</span>, could be transferred to the <span style="color: red;">side of the square</span>, giving the width of a room, the height of the bent. (NB: Geometry requires 2 points in order to draw a straight Line.) <br /></p><p>The carpenters only needed to find this length once. They could have marked it on a plank for reference until the frame was complete, then used the plank as sheathing for the walls or roof. </p><p> </p><p>Some of these layouts have been found and saved: Eastfield Village in East Nassau, NY, (<span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.historiceastfield.org/</span>) has some which they noticed on the roof sheathing when the Inn was dismantled and moved to the site. Unfortunately, because we have lost most of our understanding of practical geometry, those doing restoration rarely look for such notations left by earlier craftsmen. </p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><i>*NB: When I teach, the students and I swing the twine in
arcs to mark the corners of a house foundation. It was easy, fun, and
exciting as we see the shape come into being. </i> </p><p>** see: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/11/the-practical-geometry-of-parson.html</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/11/the-practical-geometry-of-parson_20.html</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/12/parson-barnard-house-its-assymmetry.html </span><br /></p><p></p><p> *** Brick walls are built row by row. 2 Lines and the 3/4/5 keep them true vertically and horizontally.<br /></p><p><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /><br /> <br /></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-80092583286599318852023-12-12T10:26:00.011-05:002024-01-10T06:02:42.852-05:00The Practical Geometry of the Parson Barnard House: Its Assymmetry <br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi964-VlG6vGym30btYPOmCY9urYMVRa_7pKPZcqiyFUIVSKUF2N6DcY1683VSqBxmcTU9FrjVmaGy3rwJWdSVnblSU2D2ZxC6mquxk6Dv02_Pk8jYDDSHz1Hnbf41KXGvVGqbX3z6nZ5_GFEeAaw-bQPL2OWLLBUbUEtGvrI7bNAdHObhpem_BrGt-4sHD/s2427/1-IMG_6450-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2427" data-original-width="2411" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi964-VlG6vGym30btYPOmCY9urYMVRa_7pKPZcqiyFUIVSKUF2N6DcY1683VSqBxmcTU9FrjVmaGy3rwJWdSVnblSU2D2ZxC6mquxk6Dv02_Pk8jYDDSHz1Hnbf41KXGvVGqbX3z6nZ5_GFEeAaw-bQPL2OWLLBUbUEtGvrI7bNAdHObhpem_BrGt-4sHD/w199-h200/1-IMG_6450-1.jpg" width="199" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p>The Parson Barnard House, Part 3.* <br /></p><p>The front elevation is asymmetrical. Did you notice? <br /></p><p></p><p>The door at the Parson Barnard House is not in the center of the front of the house. But, yes - it's the focal point. The pediment, the surround, the red paint, the chimney above reinforce its importance. The paired windows on each side create a space between them where the door belongs. </p><p> </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-X7shvZGKp18xOxiWfE0MtDxYSJeBRv9wDzfzr_U1f3tV0tV__nBxwwvoVvGH7ypTipklx_rIW_dSWxijqKdDkxRZrTS8ihO-mtv7inKsuG8CDGwiPHvrkp6WBQXSgtv3HtwW911qoPPJ4zLYFG4Pfl6STlIOebG70krPKkMoYBQNebDdACOArZQX2EBD/s1848/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1320" data-original-width="1848" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-X7shvZGKp18xOxiWfE0MtDxYSJeBRv9wDzfzr_U1f3tV0tV__nBxwwvoVvGH7ypTipklx_rIW_dSWxijqKdDkxRZrTS8ihO-mtv7inKsuG8CDGwiPHvrkp6WBQXSgtv3HtwW911qoPPJ4zLYFG4Pfl6STlIOebG70krPKkMoYBQNebDdACOArZQX2EBD/w320-h229/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" width="320" /></a> <br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The paired windows are not equally spaced from the door, see <span style="color: red;">A and A</span>. The spaces between each set of windows are also unequal, see <span style="color: red;">B and B</span>, nor are the distances from the corners equal. see <span style="color: red;">C and C</span>. * * <i> </i></p><p><i> <br /></i></p><p><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOCVvTFrDiQ6iVjEbfnVYzV4hrOTaPlLDQMcejHGoLVonkG60Gwq9ibV2qWtPMBdo68TW1sTzHRhwf2auiIAgy7iwLxNK0fI_kR054_ooehl4Ui1JgHd-exdghCYZ7npyXASQ87KJ77ugh5azaJpWC5P5c9_oSlv0-2vDBSzGM1CEuSCf5o5_fMD3UPgBr/s2353/1-Image%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1818" data-original-width="2353" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOCVvTFrDiQ6iVjEbfnVYzV4hrOTaPlLDQMcejHGoLVonkG60Gwq9ibV2qWtPMBdo68TW1sTzHRhwf2auiIAgy7iwLxNK0fI_kR054_ooehl4Ui1JgHd-exdghCYZ7npyXASQ87KJ77ugh5azaJpWC5P5c9_oSlv0-2vDBSzGM1CEuSCf5o5_fMD3UPgBr/w320-h246/1-Image%20(4).jpg" width="320" /></a><i><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjosqtKayN8IZXsNXRuzDbNxt6dw3IHGo07IA8EKT7ORSQEqQfRelBWrQuEFVmpbO7aWxiQI9vwUWP0Rh39JUhNwY0wS-dZhRF22THG1HAY1h9T23ORy6nZFXvKZatuT-tWNOPX3Z1bjIH6zfKI-RtYyVHlCwgbtQ78B7bUk3bUWVdam1vN1Y4PdUPnw_Pw/s1708/1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></i></div><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The frame<span>,</span><span style="color: red;"> the posts and beams,</span> with the door and second floor window centered under the chimney, more or less.** </p><p>The post and beam frame is structure here; it is not the design. <br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2kMlJbd0keXZxPRB10bly4oSXhCp6Uf3tQlLwjoyiIs9ji-LQ00VfGRmtlYoPJei_rRQIfZw312lEiZQLsFqgU_FKlfmZJV_xIrqFqA82xkqCKJQVhRigmbw1JzLZD6_VNpdLlOQP-hYNygH1t4fE1IS93vf6ZeW12QSkPRLNlPjEAh5wGZtLhKcp4Xjc/s1658/1-Image-007.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1325" data-original-width="1658" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2kMlJbd0keXZxPRB10bly4oSXhCp6Uf3tQlLwjoyiIs9ji-LQ00VfGRmtlYoPJei_rRQIfZw312lEiZQLsFqgU_FKlfmZJV_xIrqFqA82xkqCKJQVhRigmbw1JzLZD6_VNpdLlOQP-hYNygH1t4fE1IS93vf6ZeW12QSkPRLNlPjEAh5wGZtLhKcp4Xjc/w200-h160/1-Image-007.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><i> </i></p><p> </p><p>The windows could have been centered in
each bay and the house would look like this: simple, direct, and a little crooked, boring.<br /></p><i>Note:
this looks very much like today's subdivision Colonials with the
obligatory 2 windows on either side of a door. It's acceptable, but
that's all.</i><p><i> </i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5ORTgN0x2LtwPmdsFTj3PHd8waLi9U4khRviRp_lW-MBKObYVRUA09WDmxcawbFnHE0g0DRuCEpaDkjtG8WEbCTw_adPbmptKg23NHkwzHTtL_CA5RVXJGM6VD9AHcoOHhcOTYuu2TbEs5vUu6XEYZKIQHjPAmrcVPgGDCN7LwlMOgNNbQ6LMN5XLe10/s2104/IMG-6448.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1840" data-original-width="2104" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5ORTgN0x2LtwPmdsFTj3PHd8waLi9U4khRviRp_lW-MBKObYVRUA09WDmxcawbFnHE0g0DRuCEpaDkjtG8WEbCTw_adPbmptKg23NHkwzHTtL_CA5RVXJGM6VD9AHcoOHhcOTYuu2TbEs5vUu6XEYZKIQHjPAmrcVPgGDCN7LwlMOgNNbQ6LMN5XLe10/w200-h175/IMG-6448.jpg" width="200" /></a></i></div><p> </p><p>Instead, the carpenter built this. He gave us balance and grace, a lively facade.</p><p><i>This image is from 2021. The first floor windows in the HABS drawing have been replaced with windows with panes which match the early second floor windows. </i> <br /></p><p> <br /></p><p></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilj2xacVeUFAV2tMxvdzTy_7P1clTwT1R1LGM94T9Ji6URImOfr1LAJ0Z-Wvr1qVotjBlKKrCy1p3SXaG-KH4WPaT7wjBlOZN_gm8FKD3wJQsfm0t-7GLFRn1foLl9qEA-fADclkJUyLjOHMp5Iau6LyL66Vj8D3PfG93C2uLCBbORa6oOlhbxt7gfUo38/s1659/1-Image-006.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1300" data-original-width="1659" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilj2xacVeUFAV2tMxvdzTy_7P1clTwT1R1LGM94T9Ji6URImOfr1LAJ0Z-Wvr1qVotjBlKKrCy1p3SXaG-KH4WPaT7wjBlOZN_gm8FKD3wJQsfm0t-7GLFRn1foLl9qEA-fADclkJUyLjOHMp5Iau6LyL66Vj8D3PfG93C2uLCBbORa6oOlhbxt7gfUo38/w320-h251/1-Image-006.jpg" width="320" /></a>What did the carpenter consider? <br /></p><p><b>First:</b> the Hall was the larger room; the Parlor, smaller. The front door could not be not centered on the front wall. </p><p><b>Second:</b> the door
needed to swing so that people could go directly into the Hall to the right, the main room
of the house. The door must also swing back, fully open, for easy access to parlor. </p><p>The drawing shows the <span style="color: red;"> door swing </span>with <b>black</b> arrows, The <span style="color: red;">vertical r</span><span style="color: red;">ed line</span> is the center of the entry hall, but not the center of the front facade, nor the center of the space between the windows on either side.<br /></p><p><i>The porch is no longer there. It did not date to the early construction.</i></p><p><b>Third:</b> the 2 main rooms of the house, the Hall and the Parlor, face south. That orientation allowed for maximum sunshine which gave (and still gives) both light
and warmth to the interior. Placing two windows on the south wall in each room (and at least one on the east and west walls) was essential. </p><p><b>Fourth:</b> the parlor was the formal room. It was the parson's study/office; he was the most important person in the town. It required a pair of balanced windows, gracefully placed.</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSPbDB2Tm8TWoTstllgHR0F6R-XXE-tH_Qv5O0uNapBnje4EnKNADLwrb9RNUF7QNOOASDBNvSW5In9b_Uuhu3NZry2I2CkD4zDLcbLyEYosVtplEdHY4teBCiGdhE9Zph8afahn-I4cyUHQSub6rvWAUyti4GVVf2bRHMfcvjoDZJyTyFpJI1PKxWdiEu/s584/1-Image-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="584" data-original-width="583" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSPbDB2Tm8TWoTstllgHR0F6R-XXE-tH_Qv5O0uNapBnje4EnKNADLwrb9RNUF7QNOOASDBNvSW5In9b_Uuhu3NZry2I2CkD4zDLcbLyEYosVtplEdHY4teBCiGdhE9Zph8afahn-I4cyUHQSub6rvWAUyti4GVVf2bRHMfcvjoDZJyTyFpJI1PKxWdiEu/w130-h131/1-Image-001.jpg" width="130" /></a></p><p><b>Fifth:</b>The carpenter was using simple geometries: <span style="color: red;">the square </span>derived from a circle. He knew how to use diagonals to divide lines in half. He used the <span style="color: red;">arcs of the square</span> to set a smaller distance as shown here.*** <br /></p><p>We see today that he had a sense of design, a 'good eye'. Unfortunately, we don't know who he was. </p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIxFkZ596BQ6HE5p9cPg9jOBR0kpTUcPKlZMne1m5HVLRoTk3Aw6yQG7KMFCJ_rRak38ohne6JyRkgbaq8N1NSNmwa83leaURF1BRHaE5JhNJHDToO7swiuFLMWBrcohBkw3o8YHaLFLz3NFy3nbcD2sPuwq0KMfrRx6Dz5zgJ2RWpE_dcJHi2nH6FHzw7/s2343/1-Image%20(5)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1818" data-original-width="2343" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIxFkZ596BQ6HE5p9cPg9jOBR0kpTUcPKlZMne1m5HVLRoTk3Aw6yQG7KMFCJ_rRak38ohne6JyRkgbaq8N1NSNmwa83leaURF1BRHaE5JhNJHDToO7swiuFLMWBrcohBkw3o8YHaLFLz3NFy3nbcD2sPuwq0KMfrRx6Dz5zgJ2RWpE_dcJHi2nH6FHzw7/w400-h310/1-Image%20(5)-002.jpg" width="400" /></a></p><br /><p></p><p></p><p> </p><p>The window placement came from that geometry and the carpenter's visual understanding of the house: how that facade would 'speak' to those coming as well as to those already in the house. </p><p></p><p>Bents were raised one after another, set into the sill below; the plates added above. The carpenter would have laid out the bents along the sill and the plate on the framing floor before the raising. He would have cut the stud pockets along with those for the posts. The window frames were probably added later as they were hung from the beams at the ceilings, but he would have known the sizes of the windows he planned to install. <br /></p><p></p><p></p><p>The geometry of the window spacing in the Hall used the distance from the exterior bent to the center bent in the Hall as a radius. The<span style="color: red;"> arcs of the semicircle and its reverse </span>cross at 2 points, once on each side.The <span style="color: red;">secondary arcs</span> cross the semicircles 4 times at their 1/4 points.<span style="color: red;"> 2 straight lines</span> <span style="color: red;">with dots on their ends</span> position the outer sides of the windows. <br /></p><p>This layout is 2 <span style="color: red;">4 arc stars</span> side by side.***</p><p><br /></p><p>The placement of the Parlor windows follows the same geometry. </p><p><i>I have drawn an alternate way to layout those locations. To read a simpler solution skip to the last paragraph!<br /></i></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiJbK2bO8NHHh19lxjp0jnOWp11ckdMQuO1wjc-BRaAqzTKVNwIH80cM7aG3hQFewknwtYtixHRMLwmsxiLlJ2bIjR5E2bP9qcePfEY7swIEO0m3yghDKOH93qfG9aw8XnKBRXikArZvbGx8X1DXMoUVJ2v92B4YsoxJAk-_8VesM9_CzU1-IToaZaTi-x/s1944/1-Image%20(6)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1462" data-original-width="1944" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiJbK2bO8NHHh19lxjp0jnOWp11ckdMQuO1wjc-BRaAqzTKVNwIH80cM7aG3hQFewknwtYtixHRMLwmsxiLlJ2bIjR5E2bP9qcePfEY7swIEO0m3yghDKOH93qfG9aw8XnKBRXikArZvbGx8X1DXMoUVJ2v92B4YsoxJAk-_8VesM9_CzU1-IToaZaTi-x/w400-h303/1-Image%20(6)-001.jpg" width="400" /></a></p><p>Just as in the Hall the length of <span style="color: red;">the arcs </span>chosen is the distance from the right side of the post at the right of the parlor to the right side of the center post. Those<span style="color: red;"> 4 arcs</span> cross top and bottom. <b>The line with a dot at each end</b> comes from the 2 points where<span style="color: red;"> the arcs</span> cross. It locates the right side of the right window. </p><p>The<span style="color: red;"> 4 arc star</span> has 4 points. Those points allow the original square to be divided into 4 equal smaller squares. They also give <b>the length</b> between the window and the right post. <b>That length, drawn here with arrows</b>, gives the distance from the left window to the exterior wall, also <b>a black line with arrows</b>. </p><p><b>Or consider this:</b> the carpenter knotted his twine (his Line) to mark the width of the parlor, outside of the corner post to the inside of the 3rd post. He folded the Line in half, and then again. He now had 4 equal lengths which he could have marked on the sill and the beams.The outside lengths located the left and right edges of the windows. He folded a shorter Line to locate the windows in the Parlor.**** He would have known his geometry so well he could use short cuts. I write about this is my next post: <br /></p><br /><p>*<span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span><i>the link to my posts on the House for the practical geometry of the frame </i><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">http: s://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/11/the-practical-geometry-of-parson.html</span> and <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/11/the-practical-geometry-of-parson_20.html https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2024/01/the-practical-geometry-of-parson.html </span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p></p><i>**T<i>he HABS drawing, c. 1934, shows a larger surroun</i></i><i><i>d and pediment.
These were updates to the house, removed to reveal the original 1715
doorway.</i></i><p></p><p><span> ***</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span><i>I often find this '<b>4 arc star</b>' when I explore Practical
Geometry. It follows naturally from the square derived from a radius.
The radius is often the width of a room, the length of a beam. It easily
provided 2 points for dividing a space in half either way. It is often the width of a room, as
it is in this house. I have found no name for this geometry so I am naming it here: the <b>4 arc star</b> . </i></p><p><i>**** </i>He could also have transferred his dimensions to a pole. Carpenters today use a 'pole' to make sure clapboards and window casings line up around a house. It is a thin board, a piece of scrap, that can be propped up against the house wall and easily moved from location to location,</p><p></p><br /><br /> <p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-6520799009005055482023-11-20T18:23:00.000-05:002023-11-20T18:23:05.577-05:00The Practical Geometry of the Parson Barnard House: the Bents<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6eyNfmLtwAgFZ6fy3E6SNJj7Butcxyv4xWnciXVtbXV3QIyb7CZmqRn9Ay7udUsm-tOLyLOaxcECFPx2eFkiY4OnXw6h9Id08jsMKkIGkDpzLbG_m94XRvIal0i3lfoZS_oEJKxhZpIqwx3_kU8BHzL1z1OokayBu2AeeWGxoBHrPEQrebaLdG78sfCyN/s1399/5-IMG_E1924.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="1399" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6eyNfmLtwAgFZ6fy3E6SNJj7Butcxyv4xWnciXVtbXV3QIyb7CZmqRn9Ay7udUsm-tOLyLOaxcECFPx2eFkiY4OnXw6h9Id08jsMKkIGkDpzLbG_m94XRvIal0i3lfoZS_oEJKxhZpIqwx3_kU8BHzL1z1OokayBu2AeeWGxoBHrPEQrebaLdG78sfCyN/s320/5-IMG_E1924.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p>This is the second part of my study of the use of geometry in the layout and design of the Parson Barnard House, in North Andover, Massachusetts. </p><p>Here's the house. The left section, the 'front', was built in 1715; the saltbox added in 1720. The rear extension to the right came in the 1950's. </p><p> </p><p><i>For my first post on the Parson Barnard House please see the link at the bottom of this page.*</i> <br /></p><p></p><p> <br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnMlsGkX44CwP2hhp5Ghae7a_9G671-XpxwgWXdDTkqEPb9vljemtWAJkIuafETD2_oKw4L8z8mmrIxON3RE-pU6TWHNEaJqbkUwkCvzKDcrAKFFURL7G1UoC__hNs8AToY5Bh_GdMqkbmFOPmP94Ap-MrWCzmyPm7lktEX2R95N_Az_tMVcZdk_VfwjlA/s1513/1-3-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1513" data-original-width="1509" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnMlsGkX44CwP2hhp5Ghae7a_9G671-XpxwgWXdDTkqEPb9vljemtWAJkIuafETD2_oKw4L8z8mmrIxON3RE-pU6TWHNEaJqbkUwkCvzKDcrAKFFURL7G1UoC__hNs8AToY5Bh_GdMqkbmFOPmP94Ap-MrWCzmyPm7lktEX2R95N_Az_tMVcZdk_VfwjlA/w199-h200/1-3-Image%20(3).jpg" width="199" /></a> <br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The first floor plan shows the 2 back wings. The middle section, labeled kitchen, back hall, and study is the 1720 saltbox addition. The laundry and entry spaces were added 230 years later.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk9PLOoDLtNhbSO2z0_47NXyqrUYMTJfMV4ta0XP1bABU4yOrRosLKwxjrqZcHz3gvflvH_jvHg5vwmpi4uLGbqgdkRRmKvOoLGLm5xs8ukn5uEVyS06mueId0G3tSSsCshdf1DA8eBDZrDngcpkMcxuigaBAdmNwVlW7La4aoR-13nqBwrBv7Su3aiZv1/s1464/1-2-4-Image%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1464" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk9PLOoDLtNhbSO2z0_47NXyqrUYMTJfMV4ta0XP1bABU4yOrRosLKwxjrqZcHz3gvflvH_jvHg5vwmpi4uLGbqgdkRRmKvOoLGLm5xs8ukn5uEVyS06mueId0G3tSSsCshdf1DA8eBDZrDngcpkMcxuigaBAdmNwVlW7La4aoR-13nqBwrBv7Su3aiZv1/w200-h146/1-2-4-Image%20(4).jpg" width="200" /></a> <br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The geometry of the first and second floor plans match. The posts and beams of the second floor match those of the first floor.<br /></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpkcQbp6IOnrVbhtI6VjkO3f9Ofun6w9VlZvmA6n4Gcpz4mr8UTVLMoG7OBYhyphenhyphenJmzx0KUGcJSgCOZjGVoFlGw4fSST2yqdOTwcG3_jrtpvTkpa5db7lNFcxTl-3WPcmrQRfOpij6P1m0X32CitFxP5hAbrDxAKM8tCAwIVPsCvAEDoZmpbtLdHx1V6MAFY/s380/1-5-Image%20(5).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="380" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpkcQbp6IOnrVbhtI6VjkO3f9Ofun6w9VlZvmA6n4Gcpz4mr8UTVLMoG7OBYhyphenhyphenJmzx0KUGcJSgCOZjGVoFlGw4fSST2yqdOTwcG3_jrtpvTkpa5db7lNFcxTl-3WPcmrQRfOpij6P1m0X32CitFxP5hAbrDxAKM8tCAwIVPsCvAEDoZmpbtLdHx1V6MAFY/w200-h200/1-5-Image%20(5).jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p><br /></p><p>The plan shows a step down into the saltbox addition.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXoj5fDTnSNbpf62GnSlj7IVbuTYYiufsKFa7oSzRtHCtfLXu7ruymJkmT8az1aYOIETU1e2ojqJubGX3qzqY-e1ke7pLF2io9_J39kRGEmMlSxwbgWTJZAUlo3uSEv8pfXTxEa7U7J448Rwr3lTvwhd1AcFKja3ykKwfn7Idpi4l0hVMdU3q0nTJxDxH3/s1906/1-1-Image%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1347" data-original-width="1906" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXoj5fDTnSNbpf62GnSlj7IVbuTYYiufsKFa7oSzRtHCtfLXu7ruymJkmT8az1aYOIETU1e2ojqJubGX3qzqY-e1ke7pLF2io9_J39kRGEmMlSxwbgWTJZAUlo3uSEv8pfXTxEa7U7J448Rwr3lTvwhd1AcFKja3ykKwfn7Idpi4l0hVMdU3q0nTJxDxH3/w320-h226/1-1-Image%20(4).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The side elevation also shows this step down. The dashed lines locates the floors and the step down. <br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvh59SQtuuDkT43chjdnmH_rj9wnFL1SivNs-jAeJie5T0mmks0myCEMFhcb5IfulaA-sYFs_wywOIMfWODkTqYY_5aSaaaEzpH0DOsMnbqdHDLgBxjCInH6FEpCulQc5EP8p0m0qFn6nMdjEVmVPm5Kq5z2GH-_0T07mQwgGqoPXibRJSTdweWFeaTKYS/s1235/1-Image%20(3)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1234" data-original-width="1235" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvh59SQtuuDkT43chjdnmH_rj9wnFL1SivNs-jAeJie5T0mmks0myCEMFhcb5IfulaA-sYFs_wywOIMfWODkTqYY_5aSaaaEzpH0DOsMnbqdHDLgBxjCInH6FEpCulQc5EP8p0m0qFn6nMdjEVmVPm5Kq5z2GH-_0T07mQwgGqoPXibRJSTdweWFeaTKYS/s320/1-Image%20(3)-001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> </p><p> </p><p>The <b>layout Lines</b> locate the inside edge of the posts and the inside width between the posts on either corner of the house. Together they outline 3 sides of a rectangle, the layout for the bents of the frame. The <span style="color: red;">radii of the arcs</span> is the width of the frame. They <span style="color: red;">cross</span> at the placement for the lower side of the beam which supports the attic floor joists. It is the upper beam of the bents that frame the house. <br /></p><p>This use of geometry matches the way the parlor width was determined. The thin<b> black Line</b> marks the rectangle which is the inside of the bent. <br /></p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7kbAU1ARDxN0vD7_9ht-re2e0HBIS-9-7kPXzrGBwXIOPNC43MXVvAyyxD8bDoHY8VxRstuNvqc5tmWW28jh22Ke-wfsp-VYdsa3ry2KB4d8y26Cn9i_R0PHzNTxAj_alMG5U13-V1PM9IwBGYs_Srta0Fa6qUlsjjkiemIXZk9EhAbV3tHCDRmZMehY0/s1573/1-Image%20(9).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1573" data-original-width="1529" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7kbAU1ARDxN0vD7_9ht-re2e0HBIS-9-7kPXzrGBwXIOPNC43MXVvAyyxD8bDoHY8VxRstuNvqc5tmWW28jh22Ke-wfsp-VYdsa3ry2KB4d8y26Cn9i_R0PHzNTxAj_alMG5U13-V1PM9IwBGYs_Srta0Fa6qUlsjjkiemIXZk9EhAbV3tHCDRmZMehY0/w309-h318/1-Image%20(9).jpg" width="309" /></a></div><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The<span style="color: red;"> </span><span><b>rectangle</b></span> from that <span style="color: red;">layout</span> crossed with <b><span>its diagonals</span>.</b> Where the Lines <span><b>cross</b></span> is the height of the beam which carries the second floor joists.<i> </i></p><p><i>*See note below for more information.</i><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcOF3o4lN2_fzec33WfP5t0RdPCnlDstFGYts7CQdP8sOfQZ25KjIphkhnRzUUbNtHcnRvm6hX762aOB70TOxeNoMo0tPfnuErCwdO9CVmDLAAjChCgZqpgWVzGeF0SEbO0023yejIFnTeMhoIILjxL_bpUoJmHmZSSzU6IKK0cRWUrAOx3Mq5Q9oI8-YI/s1378/3-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="1378" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcOF3o4lN2_fzec33WfP5t0RdPCnlDstFGYts7CQdP8sOfQZ25KjIphkhnRzUUbNtHcnRvm6hX762aOB70TOxeNoMo0tPfnuErCwdO9CVmDLAAjChCgZqpgWVzGeF0SEbO0023yejIFnTeMhoIILjxL_bpUoJmHmZSSzU6IKK0cRWUrAOx3Mq5Q9oI8-YI/w200-h115/3-Image.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p>For reference here is the geometry of the first floor plan with the Hall on the right, <span style="color: red;">a square;</span> the Parlor on the left, <span style="color: red;">a rectangle</span> whose width is laid out by <span style="color: red;">the arcs</span>. This geometry is laid out from the inside edges of the posts. <br /></p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpHJjnLgC5UaSEZF8a_vDiB110retP6ecvARt5x7FR0-hPtpWJqfJKVaYji09e9xXXOTlgIHpXGiuPntB2mE6qz-RfQx_QoPAqbrQdF3uvwNsGzaY4HLln5naBN0Pqy8KKrfnxqaPniPNjy6rzZguP3SuBNPzO0yFQhUsTAmkL0XQy6tkMg4YAipGufsH_/s1269/1-Image%20(6).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1269" data-original-width="1022" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpHJjnLgC5UaSEZF8a_vDiB110retP6ecvARt5x7FR0-hPtpWJqfJKVaYji09e9xXXOTlgIHpXGiuPntB2mE6qz-RfQx_QoPAqbrQdF3uvwNsGzaY4HLln5naBN0Pqy8KKrfnxqaPniPNjy6rzZguP3SuBNPzO0yFQhUsTAmkL0XQy6tkMg4YAipGufsH_/s320/1-Image%20(6).jpg" width="258" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p> </p><p>When the same geometry is used to lay out the bent using the width from the outside of one post to the other as the dimension, the <span style="color: red;">crossing of the arcs</span> is at the upper side of the attic beam.</p><p><b>**</b>Look back at the elevation of the house with the rectangle derived
from the interior dimensions. Note that the second floor and attic
windows - which appear to be original - are centered on the space. Using
the outer dimensions the windows are no longer centered. <br /></p><p></p><br /><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNUXkU9KntokkykMof3PV2JLTM6qndDvYzTfqzqjGf6a-fo0H8_8A5t4NpBxLY3MZ44bExizgc7aLf9mCBbLGEZNOAxKlXnuF8jhqcrrbB2P-MRJOm9aoBnNVVdksJJ6OfsBJjPvjTGxbBlfnVXq-k9TCrlZgFbwqibQjOtDTUyVpjXrD6pZZMSSihvmax/s1634/1-Image%20(8).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1561" data-original-width="1634" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNUXkU9KntokkykMof3PV2JLTM6qndDvYzTfqzqjGf6a-fo0H8_8A5t4NpBxLY3MZ44bExizgc7aLf9mCBbLGEZNOAxKlXnuF8jhqcrrbB2P-MRJOm9aoBnNVVdksJJ6OfsBJjPvjTGxbBlfnVXq-k9TCrlZgFbwqibQjOtDTUyVpjXrD6pZZMSSihvmax/w290-h277/1-Image%20(8).jpg" width="290" /></a></div> <p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Here is the<b> design</b> for the 6 bents for the Parson Barnard House (without the braces). This simple <b>layout</b> requires only basic knowledge of Practical Geometry. </p><p>The bottom<span style="color: red;"> red line</span> is the sill.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Do the layout differences I've shown here - between the use of the inside and the outside widths - provide evidence that the interior widths were used? Or do they simply mean the drawing is too small, my lines too thick or not perfectly placed, that the attic framing might yield other information for an accurate assessment? <br /></p><p> </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> * https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/11/the-practical-geometry-of-parson.html </span><br /></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-30396735175301055512023-11-07T11:23:00.002-05:002024-01-01T17:20:15.417-05:00The Practical Geometry of the Parson Barnard House: the Floor Plan<br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSSoFANW7IMLUoPfuMz1ArmSOpg-Z620-htmuEamNJGoYp2RsWQfYkZc7IqdU6O6u54apS4ppKxWUbflnMmG9JUlXRuBqFbMc3JzpK_kWag092UatDTtJ0Ky4LHZbYgjzDbPlUZWXKtnOlMtEu6e8FEX7QmbKvvSSNsvrR8NYofOd3vucK1Pq4nzzqKA/s1399/5-IMG_E1924.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="1399" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSSoFANW7IMLUoPfuMz1ArmSOpg-Z620-htmuEamNJGoYp2RsWQfYkZc7IqdU6O6u54apS4ppKxWUbflnMmG9JUlXRuBqFbMc3JzpK_kWag092UatDTtJ0Ky4LHZbYgjzDbPlUZWXKtnOlMtEu6e8FEX7QmbKvvSSNsvrR8NYofOd3vucK1Pq4nzzqKA/s320/5-IMG_E1924.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The Parson Barnard House, North Andover, Massachusetts, built in 1715. This picture was taken in 2022.<p></p><p><br /></p><p>The original house is the front (left) section: 2 rooms up and down, each with a fireplace. The chimney in the middle served all the fireplaces and acted as a radiator.<br /></p><p>The saltbox extension was added c.1720. The rear wing dates to the 1950's.<br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9mD_Cfgkh5coETy67xIl0rlNMcuki4prsXg6nA8mJzheXO3f_rcsT9wu2Ci-bNzNFBMbFooTLkNHKCs3eUe3fT3SpPQsPu4tgNq3Up3kIez2TfQ0hZl41ny5zO7HiRYZ8x845e6WlSxeeugC4aFumSpBb7tuxBKCu_sXRwJWykjx8yxtt_FxbNdKDjA/s2270/1-Image%20(5).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1839" data-original-width="2270" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9mD_Cfgkh5coETy67xIl0rlNMcuki4prsXg6nA8mJzheXO3f_rcsT9wu2Ci-bNzNFBMbFooTLkNHKCs3eUe3fT3SpPQsPu4tgNq3Up3kIez2TfQ0hZl41ny5zO7HiRYZ8x845e6WlSxeeugC4aFumSpBb7tuxBKCu_sXRwJWykjx8yxtt_FxbNdKDjA/s320/1-Image%20(5).jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p></p><p> </p><p>John Abbott measured and drew the floor
plans and elevations of the house for HABS in 1934. At that time it was thought that Simon
Bradstreet had lived here. Now we know the families of the Reverend
Thomas Barnard and his son, the Reverend John Barnard, were the first
residents from 1715 to 1757. <br /> <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0u1yIeWvXYl7BdMF2xzIt07HKmvNgHxElPOnIVL7roFP0oz5vzt9Qy5UJ_nDtzZbZ8xLNMVDcLHaGM_R4vVkTTPoNAa_LU-lRA3U8Zj81ovTIX86hO7-8swzZyJBz_nKYd3l2eFU7JezztM04x_6UR7vQMLviA8lODnK66lKYlrV3CQlKlvf9d9GDMA/s407/1-1-IMG-4519.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="407" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0u1yIeWvXYl7BdMF2xzIt07HKmvNgHxElPOnIVL7roFP0oz5vzt9Qy5UJ_nDtzZbZ8xLNMVDcLHaGM_R4vVkTTPoNAa_LU-lRA3U8Zj81ovTIX86hO7-8swzZyJBz_nKYd3l2eFU7JezztM04x_6UR7vQMLviA8lODnK66lKYlrV3CQlKlvf9d9GDMA/w320-h256/1-1-IMG-4519.jpg" width="320" /></a> Here are the tools a Massachusetts Bay Colony carpenter had in 1715 for planning and laying out buildings*. He used a compass, a
square, horizontal and vertical levels, a straight edge marked in
regular increments (which might or might not be inches) and a line with
a spool on one end and a plumb bob on the other. The builder also had an awl, chalk,
charcoal, and an 8 or 10 ft. rod.<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">His square was small and might not have a true 90* corner. His inch, foot, rod, varied from those of other carpenters. He would have learned his skills as an apprentice to a master carpenter, become a journeyman, then a full-fledged carpenter. His training would have included practical geometry. Tape measures had not been invented, paper was precious. He drew plans on framing floors, on sheathing, on dirt. He did not need to be literate. <br /></div><p>Using a compass, a straight edge and a scribe a carpenter could layout the plan on a board, then step off the plan on the site with his rod or his compass, set his lines, and true them. This is the same order in which we layout buildings today; we simply use more modern tools. <br /></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpr0Yjysdr4WeKbV6exawuHp2pFBzRHIs36oszYidH3gcqhCt4VwVpCWpnbaWiMK8jBq80tVJWk8RAyJLsWlDM7MZmxyT4T-TZteeHeEa-stjSjvWiFVIj2lsimKJOnqwEG_ewu9f5jRgI1HAWH3TJH5yKPzkUM5R5v9vLUduij2-TSDQXw4Ehz5i01k91/s1329/1-2-4-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="880" data-original-width="1329" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpr0Yjysdr4WeKbV6exawuHp2pFBzRHIs36oszYidH3gcqhCt4VwVpCWpnbaWiMK8jBq80tVJWk8RAyJLsWlDM7MZmxyT4T-TZteeHeEa-stjSjvWiFVIj2lsimKJOnqwEG_ewu9f5jRgI1HAWH3TJH5yKPzkUM5R5v9vLUduij2-TSDQXw4Ehz5i01k91/w200-h133/1-2-4-Image.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br /></div><p></p><p>This is the floor plan of the original house. <br />Noted in black are the sills, the posts and beams for the first floor frame . <br /></p><p> The carpenter knew the first floor would have a Hall - on the right labeled 'living room', and a Parlor - on the left called the 'dining room'. <br /></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjevdRXm2XlPEdh1lwvjqH9uzZtWCst7tjNQnmgO7KfA1Jd0uQ196srhxIrURZ-VuVL3oBvYAgUu16mtOXaXUJqcaVxLq155pnp94uhb7VMMNLPDTX7kFaqvsHz6-xAL158BdhP6nTT68fPOslyEkHw2u-cIBYGstbnNetrrxfMQUnXO1q-0uzC9yP_qhIq/s475/1-IMG_6450.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="475" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjevdRXm2XlPEdh1lwvjqH9uzZtWCst7tjNQnmgO7KfA1Jd0uQ196srhxIrURZ-VuVL3oBvYAgUu16mtOXaXUJqcaVxLq155pnp94uhb7VMMNLPDTX7kFaqvsHz6-xAL158BdhP6nTT68fPOslyEkHw2u-cIBYGstbnNetrrxfMQUnXO1q-0uzC9yP_qhIq/w200-h188/1-IMG_6450.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p> </p><p>Between them, in the center of the house would be the chimney stack with a separate flue for each of 4 fireplaces.</p><p>Here is the chimney above the roof with articulated flues. <br /></p><p>These spaces add up to a house about 18 ft. wide by 42 ft.
long.<br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The width and length of the house were stepped off with a compass or marked on a length of twine. The exterior of the house would have been staked. 3 foot units could have been stepped off 6 times for the width
and 7 times for the length. Layout with a rod marked in feet would probably have
been faster. A chalk line might have been snapped. Lines could have
been tied to stakes for the men digging the foundation. Diagonals would
have trued the foundation. All of this is similar to how we layout buildings today.</p><p>Stone foundations of pre-1900 houses tend to be vertical on the inside of the wall, the basement side, battened into the soil on the exterior. 2 lines would be required to accurately set the top of the foundation - where the sill would sit, where the outside wall of the house would stand. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOiDFloajft4Vj71qcmGmkKG_XQeOyFwS7pDlx3shwUVY226YslVjun6DQ8t55WHo0b-Nv1q6s4QBDQX3ZYobgvqFFKuykW8S_KLdpoAVok9UIWKxWngiZki_e8wMlu3q0Taeo_3y1XpxAtLv1OdIo8mrtond_6dXw-bxby8J_q2u5JOspWJeaEF8rJAAC/s1402/1-Image-003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="769" data-original-width="1402" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOiDFloajft4Vj71qcmGmkKG_XQeOyFwS7pDlx3shwUVY226YslVjun6DQ8t55WHo0b-Nv1q6s4QBDQX3ZYobgvqFFKuykW8S_KLdpoAVok9UIWKxWngiZki_e8wMlu3q0Taeo_3y1XpxAtLv1OdIo8mrtond_6dXw-bxby8J_q2u5JOspWJeaEF8rJAAC/s320/1-Image-003.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><p>The length of the beams of the frame, approximately 18 ft., probably determined the house width. <br /></p><p></p><p>The Hall, the biggest room, was a multi- purpose room, used for cooking, chores, gathering. Often set in the southeast corner of the house, it had sunshine from early morning to late afternoon. Here the room is square with a beam to support the 2nd floor across its center. The arc of the 18' width locates the posts.</p><p>Note that the dimensions appear to begin at the inner side of the right hand posts, indicating that while the exterior of the foundation was laid 18 ft. x 42 ft., the layout for the timber frame appears to have been set from the sill and those first posts. <br /></p><p>Laying out the geometry from the inside of the frame would have been a practical choice. The sills would not cover the line, but located beside it. Truing a rectangle by checking its diagonals to the outside corner of a post would be tricky,
especially after the posts were in place. The framing timbers also needed to set to the line. And, the outside of a
stone foundation could be irregular - as field stones are - without compromising the bearing of the frame on the foundation. </p><p>This length, this inside dimension, would also have been the one the framers used to lay out the mortise and tenon joints on the beams. <br /></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLZnzQnoJgg3zd3eQBdgO7HuQPi9xaLrw2MkTwb9PrrATkET1KNQIaMlz3KbcGsVVnNR8ZvJtqdcZsZI51TehHrc22T5rjGyXePul1I-t0awj5Jz_GpNWzJQknpozSw45q4Em9_A0oLB1cNuPdHp49FrQJrE3PAFjteSm5k_qtGhSCXfRnZzNT9tuCZ-IK/s2993/1-1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1796" data-original-width="2993" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLZnzQnoJgg3zd3eQBdgO7HuQPi9xaLrw2MkTwb9PrrATkET1KNQIaMlz3KbcGsVVnNR8ZvJtqdcZsZI51TehHrc22T5rjGyXePul1I-t0awj5Jz_GpNWzJQknpozSw45q4Em9_A0oLB1cNuPdHp49FrQJrE3PAFjteSm5k_qtGhSCXfRnZzNT9tuCZ-IK/s320/1-1-Image%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Next to the Hall is the chimney stack. In plan it is a 3/4/5 rectangle often used by masons to keep the bricks plumb and level during construction. The fireplaces fit within, their fires creating a massive heat sink. <br /><p></p><p>The entry and staircase fit into the leftover space in front of the stack.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-xYAprNQuf-Y5NKkJccyz2dKKgG877F5GIqQ1XNyCboYr1OXkz3HMoahBIOlNn7M9TBmUzsxfjZ1GZjSKTuAmvZkfd8YgPvrazXgj5ev7YV6u6tyDwlvdfw4I0b3v9BuGIyfkngu3jFcFF7mveIOn1bUHcZbHd0ESjgqZN3HgWixwWklRF0Yt6RKUiPC_/s1378/3-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="1378" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-xYAprNQuf-Y5NKkJccyz2dKKgG877F5GIqQ1XNyCboYr1OXkz3HMoahBIOlNn7M9TBmUzsxfjZ1GZjSKTuAmvZkfd8YgPvrazXgj5ev7YV6u6tyDwlvdfw4I0b3v9BuGIyfkngu3jFcFF7mveIOn1bUHcZbHd0ESjgqZN3HgWixwWklRF0Yt6RKUiPC_/s320/3-Image.jpg" width="320" /></a> <br /></div><p></p><p>The Parlor, the room to the left, was used for business and formal occasions, to welcome and entertain visitors. Sometimes it was also the master bedroom. <br /></p><p>It was smaller than the Hall and also had a centered beam. The arcs cross at the outside edge of the wall, setting the width of the
room. </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG48nrK-vicBJOwi_aPoKDRpFjZMUaKFMxJ3Ibvn_MqnQEAY3W6Y745-A_dhcg4y9KjvBVUSetl04s-iKhAOPPj_tlKi26zKewwz1_sjFrFONSNcDkoOkJMLhqBRvqbiknSuWelVbwpDNtmaIv9DseNsQdnlo_fIsoW-SLHpwDwNZFB4AVZ-7iGJLPA19D/s584/1-Image-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="584" data-original-width="583" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG48nrK-vicBJOwi_aPoKDRpFjZMUaKFMxJ3Ibvn_MqnQEAY3W6Y745-A_dhcg4y9KjvBVUSetl04s-iKhAOPPj_tlKi26zKewwz1_sjFrFONSNcDkoOkJMLhqBRvqbiknSuWelVbwpDNtmaIv9DseNsQdnlo_fIsoW-SLHpwDwNZFB4AVZ-7iGJLPA19D/w145-h146/1-Image-001.jpg" width="145" /></a>The length of that width could easily be measured from the
layout of the Hall. Here the arcs cross, giving 2 points for drawing a
line which, extended, is the width of the Parlor. Note the<b> black line</b> with arrows.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><i>Yes, if the line which measured the width of the square of the Hall had been folded in half and marked, it also would have given the point needed to determine the width of the parlor. In either instance the framer needed to understand the geometry. Geometry was a tool. It was practical. It is also why the proportions of these buildings are graceful; why they speak to us.</i><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfPEfAM1gIDdXv-m2N07Smg4SnpmbjAbJQeu1xhMBk5qa-H3EP6Lu_U94mD00gY5qdPQQBWLi3YSTpVRP-kxCBhZcBBoW98VkqzBLHWIjRMEhhWRD6nTNyiCoESVcB4Te09aThz9oiSHPsoz_1FT0qkbzmx8WWSMapxbq67leUXCArtr_fhq9RS1Sbuw/s2104/IMG-6448.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1840" data-original-width="2104" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfPEfAM1gIDdXv-m2N07Smg4SnpmbjAbJQeu1xhMBk5qa-H3EP6Lu_U94mD00gY5qdPQQBWLi3YSTpVRP-kxCBhZcBBoW98VkqzBLHWIjRMEhhWRD6nTNyiCoESVcB4Te09aThz9oiSHPsoz_1FT0qkbzmx8WWSMapxbq67leUXCArtr_fhq9RS1Sbuw/s320/IMG-6448.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p> <br /></p><p>The Parson Barnard House, seem from its front garden in 2022.<br /></p><p> Note that the geometry of the house is so strong that the front door of the house seems to be in the middle of the facade. Actually the right side is wider than the left side. The windows on the left are closer together than those on the right and the wall spaces between the door and the windows on either side are not equal. </p><p>The geometry of the frame and the elevations will be another post. </p><p><br /></p><p></p><p>* the image is the frontispiece for <span style="font-size: small;">Giancomo Barozzi </span><span style="font-size: small;">Da Vignola,</span><span style="font-size: small;"> *<b>Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture</b>, translated by John</span><span style="font-size: small;"> Leeke, published by </span><span style="font-size: small;">William Sherwin, 1669. </span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibVF-Q4rYeU-ZKlGlgvwQ8nmG8LZilxivOLUqYsE9uDxGBEbNaKU9LQ4tBwLKsCVjjUd1DVudoI9hQW81LxBSUfNuSJXbV-xnezinWJVyJG5_xpcLck7_i-4DS47ilXfIyZFRfWNxMJLsJzeutkS0DiiLMRa51eMswxeXG2y5tO2b_FSMHhG1ZcNFrjHpY/s1145/1-1-2-Image%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1145" data-original-width="1145" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibVF-Q4rYeU-ZKlGlgvwQ8nmG8LZilxivOLUqYsE9uDxGBEbNaKU9LQ4tBwLKsCVjjUd1DVudoI9hQW81LxBSUfNuSJXbV-xnezinWJVyJG5_xpcLck7_i-4DS47ilXfIyZFRfWNxMJLsJzeutkS0DiiLMRa51eMswxeXG2y5tO2b_FSMHhG1ZcNFrjHpY/w128-h128/1-1-2-Image%20(4).jpg" width="128" /></a></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic0EO-yztV8BmGqsMJWGHb-7AoO0pPCbZALu2yYosSnexe8M1dfWm3efgRsvBpe9xKrV6r9s3udx-dCu7qymx752JPSteInz6XE7B-ntbANaNgxpu54NHcRJDFqHMbVAKis7Th0e62wb3wl48v2WIDGCh0-i0Hrr5-QA7tbsGnrwPazt3CTy2xCy-wxlsJ/s1040/3-1-2-Image%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="1040" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic0EO-yztV8BmGqsMJWGHb-7AoO0pPCbZALu2yYosSnexe8M1dfWm3efgRsvBpe9xKrV6r9s3udx-dCu7qymx752JPSteInz6XE7B-ntbANaNgxpu54NHcRJDFqHMbVAKis7Th0e62wb3wl48v2WIDGCh0-i0Hrr5-QA7tbsGnrwPazt3CTy2xCy-wxlsJ/w125-h125/3-1-2-Image%20(4).jpg" width="125" /></a> <br /></p><p>** A square can be laid out by a compass. Square corners can be determined and proved by a daisy wheel. Here is the visual explanation: the width A-B as the radius of the circle and locates the 6 points of the circumference A, B, C, D, E, F, G. Then: Lines A-F and B-E are perpendicular to A-B. Line G-C locates the end (west) wall of the Parlor.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>For more information and a tutorial see: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/01/geometry-in-construction-practical.html<br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-89800476340407480722023-10-03T06:21:00.012-04:002023-10-03T10:07:41.030-04:00Teaching Practical Geometry<br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTez-atkayNLi9CwfbTuVe-AbatStesGAIa_JVIrmOe8vJXCFD5lfXk1vOG6NusowkXos8UoMNzvW5K5lgfeZ97JzEv-dcJMYAWoCJ7lLTdM-k2_45LfS4EOx5MWX9kLIcMoCeATuc26EKG3DpNU2LVsd0GnDCn6jeDD5cX2PTfi7upjV_OXsgGG-WGTBC/s745/circle%20to%20square%20pp.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="745" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTez-atkayNLi9CwfbTuVe-AbatStesGAIa_JVIrmOe8vJXCFD5lfXk1vOG6NusowkXos8UoMNzvW5K5lgfeZ97JzEv-dcJMYAWoCJ7lLTdM-k2_45LfS4EOx5MWX9kLIcMoCeATuc26EKG3DpNU2LVsd0GnDCn6jeDD5cX2PTfi7upjV_OXsgGG-WGTBC/w200-h198/circle%20to%20square%20pp.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p> Several educators, curious about Practical Geometry, have asked me how I would share this geometry in the classroom. This post is an introduction to how I would begin.<br /></p><p>In September, 2023, I presented 3 workshops at IPTW<i>,</i> the International Preservation Trades Workshops.* The last day was open to the public. About 10 people, aged 10-70+, came
to learn about Practical Geometry. Some had never held a compass. </p><p>Here is what we did:<br /></p><p></p><p>We drew circles with compasses. Then we divided the circumferences into 6 equal
parts and connected the points to make rectangles and squares. We used no numbers. </p><p> </p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinUYir7VWuP0OYAUy6IkIykZsJtTtSDx1ufi1yyPn032p0uYRhphcP1LqoCWZG7TCEr47itNqUHBoLiZSLUFnlP-HzWY6VDGjgkviOG1R_CToB0J027EIepSGbQvtJqxK5TAXnbDj0dH5HmcpOJihI1aRKJ2zVBcETzyhCV0nVC1KXCacfPZ1sEFmcXyKD/s1171/1-IMG-8647.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1167" data-original-width="1171" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinUYir7VWuP0OYAUy6IkIykZsJtTtSDx1ufi1yyPn032p0uYRhphcP1LqoCWZG7TCEr47itNqUHBoLiZSLUFnlP-HzWY6VDGjgkviOG1R_CToB0J027EIepSGbQvtJqxK5TAXnbDj0dH5HmcpOJihI1aRKJ2zVBcETzyhCV0nVC1KXCacfPZ1sEFmcXyKD/w200-h199/1-IMG-8647.jpg" width="200" /></a>We explored the design and layout tools a carpenter would
have had before the Industrial Revolution: the compass, a line and a scribe. We talked about how those tools were used and are still used. We compared cubits (the
length from your elbow to your longest finger). We set carpenter's dividers
for a day's work by the radius or the diameter of a daisy wheel. One of the participants
taught the others how to snap a chalk line.</p><i>I
brought my daisy wheel with me. It was scribed into a 9 ft tall board which was once sheathing on Vermont barn</i><i>, c.1780</i><i>. The barn was deconstructed about 10 years
ago.</i> <i>The deconstruction contractor gave me the board.</i> <br /><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnILH-ymDnLrYboOR-SwrOXOYEdXQCtyXOCHKshAW1Khyz70mmRHkFulQQxvYpG3tOQIR-GPnGjxJusX397H-rmu1fqxYXmHP-W4hyWxZVXwWIB_FZCKScde41jbEVSlRLZZJNZbs0H8V8o16pQZPjyhjMJqtAAvu31D_t2wAUplPLbPQF79TN6kgh1qLf/s2081/2-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1916" data-original-width="2081" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnILH-ymDnLrYboOR-SwrOXOYEdXQCtyXOCHKshAW1Khyz70mmRHkFulQQxvYpG3tOQIR-GPnGjxJusX397H-rmu1fqxYXmHP-W4hyWxZVXwWIB_FZCKScde41jbEVSlRLZZJNZbs0H8V8o16pQZPjyhjMJqtAAvu31D_t2wAUplPLbPQF79TN6kgh1qLf/w200-h184/2-Image%20(3).jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p></p><p> </p><p></p><p></p><p> <br /></p><p>I showed them the floor plan of one of the early Virginia folk houses recorded by Henry Glassie,** which used the geometry we had drawn. </p><p> </p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZrfGfQ7pfyanBjxmGWHJ-VaK5AXMS0tW7WYhh2n5DbrnSspBIKs7po-FnvCQZNWBpP5o-xkIZIYq222Dwh1c7alIg-KzEkHm1SIL8qk5kGQd1ZzX8vzA27YSbDC6F7RWtdvWDS0L7gLMrWXBBmkMuc5nAyh9V1LNsqCggrDdFy01Qdu_mtgdhLo04cnSZ/s951/1-IMG-6883.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="847" data-original-width="951" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZrfGfQ7pfyanBjxmGWHJ-VaK5AXMS0tW7WYhh2n5DbrnSspBIKs7po-FnvCQZNWBpP5o-xkIZIYq222Dwh1c7alIg-KzEkHm1SIL8qk5kGQd1ZzX8vzA27YSbDC6F7RWtdvWDS0L7gLMrWXBBmkMuc5nAyh9V1LNsqCggrDdFy01Qdu_mtgdhLo04cnSZ/w200-h178/1-IMG-6883.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p> </p><p>I shared a few pictures including this house whose plan we had just laid out. <br /></p><p> <br /></p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-5ypSbAlLLc6YvxZT_gcKLfx5xdxgJlqza7bbu9Q6zcEa71cMB54QMp7nqIYHnBrvMwl4isBr_azn9FTZ8Xp4yfHj8_KoyWANGDjtV9sYT-zMT3ojOkan47Iz40a1kHSeH0HSKkGYI9mg8N9CPqI9LXJ2xdJYCR9Xz9HOKWTcRqBYvPuKxQNrThZKPknb/s1606/1-Image-004.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="989" data-original-width="1606" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-5ypSbAlLLc6YvxZT_gcKLfx5xdxgJlqza7bbu9Q6zcEa71cMB54QMp7nqIYHnBrvMwl4isBr_azn9FTZ8Xp4yfHj8_KoyWANGDjtV9sYT-zMT3ojOkan47Iz40a1kHSeH0HSKkGYI9mg8N9CPqI9LXJ2xdJYCR9Xz9HOKWTcRqBYvPuKxQNrThZKPknb/w200-h123/1-Image-004.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br /></div><p>That image introduced the class to the chimney wing. Its plan would have used the 3/4/5 rectangle to make sure the wing was parallel to the house so that all the roof framing could be cut the same length. <br /></p><p></p><p></p><p> </p><p></p> <p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhix3N_GHZVMWb02ZsjnfUaIJ3JPBuL5c7fsqHwNXkx_1HdztV3W8Ia5H4g-5dILTcwcCNyqn8VkSIDQ5prXxmwXTGPRlPsoQNld6cfISph7DqQDT6ArQdqrjHi0MD7VW2XelHE-K35ngDFN494V5QLwVYXRhUmTMdeHyUOxJvzAfm3Br_QVfICLK-spXgV/s1739/Image-009.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1047" data-original-width="1739" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhix3N_GHZVMWb02ZsjnfUaIJ3JPBuL5c7fsqHwNXkx_1HdztV3W8Ia5H4g-5dILTcwcCNyqn8VkSIDQ5prXxmwXTGPRlPsoQNld6cfISph7DqQDT6ArQdqrjHi0MD7VW2XelHE-K35ngDFN494V5QLwVYXRhUmTMdeHyUOxJvzAfm3Br_QVfICLK-spXgV/w200-h121/Image-009.jpg" width="200" /></a> </p><p>I showed the group a Menagery, a retreat intended for an English gentleman's estate, designed by James Gibb's ***, c. 1720. </p><p> </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQv5FCzRuTKH08CnQGbrkwJ27_xazUd6tcZ06I1UR_hpYjr8eg9-1iJ1FgCqz8fGpxWhUKyNIg6UuXtqYHtoRlTYClNrYYN_vDqboqVU4OP4mpkjxi1arg1UQxiDYH98lknDmTQDh6-ndoZvse-rU0kiZCnckIHFcIdQoBCpyaxTqbB-FVSl21xmFezsfL/s2227/1-Image-016.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1422" data-original-width="2227" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQv5FCzRuTKH08CnQGbrkwJ27_xazUd6tcZ06I1UR_hpYjr8eg9-1iJ1FgCqz8fGpxWhUKyNIg6UuXtqYHtoRlTYClNrYYN_vDqboqVU4OP4mpkjxi1arg1UQxiDYH98lknDmTQDh6-ndoZvse-rU0kiZCnckIHFcIdQoBCpyaxTqbB-FVSl21xmFezsfL/w200-h127/1-Image-016.jpg" width="200" /></a> </p><p> The wings are laid out in the same way, using the 3/4/5 rectangle. Here it is because the rough laid stone on the exterior would have made an accurate layout and construction difficult. </p><br /><br /><p></p><p> <br /></p><p>Then the class learned about the 'star', the Lines, in the center of the Menagery. Those are also the lines on our cellphones which help us edit images, known by artists as the Rule of Thirds. <br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgynjRXON5kT1wqfuOzDIIK2UN7QGvMY8cgcZnHsdRz3UeC4Y1vbIe7lUXIxcCF0My5kYVmuPrcx1Hnd-hhc36A7d9CQvOuh2MijYC5OlPL7HYUSHfQ7eKL1fNQQjQLJ3Nz3ZRQZNNQbYuPe7kBN7VQ8FhopxUmHnABqeQ9K5-4gINiZIKZtiz-7t6GTgry/s1504/1-Image-003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="1504" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgynjRXON5kT1wqfuOzDIIK2UN7QGvMY8cgcZnHsdRz3UeC4Y1vbIe7lUXIxcCF0My5kYVmuPrcx1Hnd-hhc36A7d9CQvOuh2MijYC5OlPL7HYUSHfQ7eKL1fNQQjQLJ3Nz3ZRQZNNQbYuPe7kBN7VQ8FhopxUmHnABqeQ9K5-4gINiZIKZtiz-7t6GTgry/s320/1-Image-003.jpg" width="320" /></a>Here is the geometry: the diagonal of the square and the Lines from the ends of one side (the corners) to the middle of the opposite side. The pattern is turned 4 times. <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8WRncCVfpq-5SOwnebMAtjXGrzvLt28TUHTf8BvWOVsB9GXqHeRRZk8O_zpytbsqcRcrVybESUeCzDMeXLRiAHxGV090Uitkh_luXG1l-oLrbJqKk1pQD3MXNG8MAmgiEzVCNude_m7SK6o3RBXC-UNp047Azo6PUFA-1k70kNiTATYqhXOMTy-IMPwwn/s421/1-Image-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="421" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8WRncCVfpq-5SOwnebMAtjXGrzvLt28TUHTf8BvWOVsB9GXqHeRRZk8O_zpytbsqcRcrVybESUeCzDMeXLRiAHxGV090Uitkh_luXG1l-oLrbJqKk1pQD3MXNG8MAmgiEzVCNude_m7SK6o3RBXC-UNp047Azo6PUFA-1k70kNiTATYqhXOMTy-IMPwwn/s320/1-Image-002.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Where the lines cross are points. 2 points connected are a line. That line is always straight.</p><p>Here, the points divide the large square into 9 small squares - the diagram used on cellphones - or 3 equal rectangles.<br /></p><p>There are also 4 squares within the large square. If their diagonals are drawn, the large square can be divided into 16 small squares or 4 equal rectangles. </p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEAjjOweQXbG6CfZj-mlembBDo53gku6Q235M-I_VTcny7GpGYIDKFIq57r4Od_3WUOd5ZTAcebbWlGesqlgcT0sP6DlFrkj04EpqN3yPdOcPnjvYNQ4604Cu11sHWK4a3iXH45ijhBPHKA2ru5Z-UFbQwzDXnveMpYc_14hw-R6EN2Q0YTU0Ul8_zeNH7/s2074/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2074" data-original-width="1657" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEAjjOweQXbG6CfZj-mlembBDo53gku6Q235M-I_VTcny7GpGYIDKFIq57r4Od_3WUOd5ZTAcebbWlGesqlgcT0sP6DlFrkj04EpqN3yPdOcPnjvYNQ4604Cu11sHWK4a3iXH45ijhBPHKA2ru5Z-UFbQwzDXnveMpYc_14hw-R6EN2Q0YTU0Ul8_zeNH7/w256-h320/1-Image.jpg" width="256" /></a> </p><p> </p><p>The Lines on the elevation for this brick house tell the mason where the sides of the door and window openings are. On the plan the Lines show the fireplace edges and the placement of the interior walls. <br /></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">The drawing is Plate 56 in Owen Biddle's pattern book, <b>The </b><span><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Young Carpenter’s Assistant</span>,</b> published
in </span><span>1805, </span><span>by Benjamin Johnson, Philadelphia.</span></span></p><p><br /></p><br /><p> </p><p> </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL8nRN1uh1_4X2ptC4A5fYGVHaVq02XVTkBNmjDKu3PEq91cFiT9IU3vkWrAVnq6GdFuMdMTzi4mvkJmaVXX5-pxgMzjkN64_8lxRwqC0JoAQ7YztYpb8tfksOsH0-L2JBRWt6ZgphAC3bSRhqPl1P2nkR4-46dwlwDpPWf7dLpXuH5irF7-7Odd7KyUEB/s1659/1-1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1659" data-original-width="1658" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL8nRN1uh1_4X2ptC4A5fYGVHaVq02XVTkBNmjDKu3PEq91cFiT9IU3vkWrAVnq6GdFuMdMTzi4mvkJmaVXX5-pxgMzjkN64_8lxRwqC0JoAQ7YztYpb8tfksOsH0-L2JBRWt6ZgphAC3bSRhqPl1P2nkR4-46dwlwDpPWf7dLpXuH5irF7-7Odd7KyUEB/w200-h200/1-1-Image.jpg" width="200" /></a> </p><p> </p><p> I ended with these Lines in Sebastiano Serlio's Book I, c. 1540. It explains where to place a door in a castle
wall. He ends <b>Book I: On Geometry</b>, " However, honest reader, although
the things resulting from the various intersections of lines is
infinite, to avoid being long-winded I shall come to an end." <br /></p><p> </p><p>This was more than enough for one 75 minute session. </p><p>Several
shorter lessons would have been easier for everyone. There was very little time for questions, more examples, or in-depth
understanding. </p><p> <br /></p><p>For more information: In 2020, I wrote 7 posts entitled 'Lessons' for students of all ages. <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2020/04/lessons.html </span>.<br /></p><p>*The 25th International Preservation Workshops were held this year in Frederick, MD, at the Hargett Farm which will
become the Historic Preservation Trade Center for the National Park
Service. See the Preservation Trades Network website, <span style="color: #2b00fe;">ptn.org,</span><b> </b>for more information. </p><p></p><p>** Henry Glassie,<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">. <b>Folk Housing in Middle </b></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b>Virginia,</b> U of Tennessee Press: Knoxville, 1979 </span></span></p><p>***<span style="font-size: small;"> James Gibbs, <span> <b>B<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ook on Architecture</span></b>, London, 1728, Dover reprint<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;">**** Sebastiano Serlio <span>. <b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">On</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Architecture</span><u>,</u></b>
Lyon, France 1530, translated in1611, on-line and translated
by Vaughan Hart and Peter Hicks, 1996, Yale University Press, New Haven</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span>To read more about this diagram see<span style="color: #2b00fe;"> https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2022/10/serlios-lines.html </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span><br /></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p> <br /></p><p></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-89926540785129691092023-08-23T09:11:00.010-04:002023-08-27T20:58:46.798-04:00Stratford Hall, Part IV: Placing the Windows <b>Updated 8/26/2023</b><br /><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2TuGwPUlIp3_hS7BwVYb_08Eo45xCaqntM9PEfcq7hk0HdkcUj-_3brmpn60ipeXrPnMzCo5iGzMCghcAG0OamVcZpKatIUK673AUD4a36sH_IIKa2sE17lz5Pt8l8KgKXED758DkbUiI_NrjHpNkWFWQ_2ZjxqcHKzqUOrLB69kIGShxbr_fNXCd5_mm/s1165/1-IMG-8093-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1165" data-original-width="1132" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2TuGwPUlIp3_hS7BwVYb_08Eo45xCaqntM9PEfcq7hk0HdkcUj-_3brmpn60ipeXrPnMzCo5iGzMCghcAG0OamVcZpKatIUK673AUD4a36sH_IIKa2sE17lz5Pt8l8KgKXED758DkbUiI_NrjHpNkWFWQ_2ZjxqcHKzqUOrLB69kIGShxbr_fNXCd5_mm/s320/1-IMG-8093-2.jpg" width="311" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">In the previous post* I wrote about all the construction
details of Stratford Hall which William Walker, the Master Builder, had to work out
before the masons could begin laying the walls. <br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">They are all visible in this photograph: the brick pattern (Flemish Bond) and its variations, the brick headers over the windows in the ground floor and the main floor, the corner brick pattern and that around the windows, the cap at the shoulder, where the walls become thinner by one brick. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg17nGjWgOgrHaHbkRSEJC3SuqK9iM8f74FpOva6P_IX9Lw1WBGCUFMmxQFUgACaBfDnoWJ6L_Q7pTWThc7oevGkUw23w-m6lHqQnK8OIb3f5JfNS_y2NPG6VxelugZ0Jz9hoUjQ4jZM8RgkI8lD8lSt0FiwbNkLS8HRpqpVcjMbkWDnDT2Mhcw-RIuTXiR/s2468/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1784" data-original-width="2468" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg17nGjWgOgrHaHbkRSEJC3SuqK9iM8f74FpOva6P_IX9Lw1WBGCUFMmxQFUgACaBfDnoWJ6L_Q7pTWThc7oevGkUw23w-m6lHqQnK8OIb3f5JfNS_y2NPG6VxelugZ0Jz9hoUjQ4jZM8RgkI8lD8lSt0FiwbNkLS8HRpqpVcjMbkWDnDT2Mhcw-RIuTXiR/s320/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The Hall needed big windows on the main (family) floor above, smaller ones on the ground (service) floor below. </span><span style="font-size: large;">As William Walker </span><span style="font-size: large;"> placed and sized the windows he would have considered</span><span style="font-size: large;"> all these constraints.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">I wondered:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Was
he drawing on paper, a board, a plaster wall, a framing floor? </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Drawings about framing can still be seen on cathedral walls and floors. So perhaps Walker
did his layouts on the floor of the Hall. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">He could have used the ground floor as a framing floor as soon as the foundation was set. The floor itself, his sketches and calculations, would become covered with pavers when the Hall was finished and ready for use.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">It would also have been easier to </span><span style="font-size: large;">lay out his ideas, </span><span style="font-size: large;">check his dimensions for both floors from the inside, rather than </span><span style="font-size: large;">working on scaffolding outside or in a shed nearby. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Walker used 5 equally sized squares to lay out Stratford </span><span style="font-size: large;">Hall's floor plan</span><span style="font-size: large;">. Perhaps he used</span><span style="font-size: large;"> a</span><span style="font-size: large;"> similar simplicity for the elevations. I drew squares. <br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXoOVqRgvEvECcK6CXsuPVeaVrfYfAuakvu1jqlQkyzvqqMd9mv_D4HEiqx_1IYS-iZEloYfmnY9CmiMBiE8PhGkjBClGrsQERKei7suIbxcrPhl_pvNr-LJZZ0lXc-h0nTFe_AdVP1NVbUM8CxkbnLB9My_CPxa_YLui_pjwT6NYfy5CnQpjupkYFwN0a/s2528/2-Image-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1707" data-original-width="2528" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXoOVqRgvEvECcK6CXsuPVeaVrfYfAuakvu1jqlQkyzvqqMd9mv_D4HEiqx_1IYS-iZEloYfmnY9CmiMBiE8PhGkjBClGrsQERKei7suIbxcrPhl_pvNr-LJZZ0lXc-h0nTFe_AdVP1NVbUM8CxkbnLB9My_CPxa_YLui_pjwT6NYfy5CnQpjupkYFwN0a/s320/2-Image-001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">red boxes</span> show the interior of the wing.<i> My tentative pencil marks are barely visible.<br /></i></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> <br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr701LkIAOPHurKeminjNMONljj1PBW4mrGChO4iBsUMcJgo7aqx09KMeh9tkiat7Ut5jeVxDZUQdeDSxLAlZ6ETohO-rxw-J4FqPZCpue0OhTSmMi9NH7SygKXqzgYwBXdAuwuHQ72Ge1O2eiKUEcr6g0IBNicTs_FC_VRBamnpB77Xp0j83uQx_7Cke-/s2611/1-Image-003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1852" data-original-width="2611" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr701LkIAOPHurKeminjNMONljj1PBW4mrGChO4iBsUMcJgo7aqx09KMeh9tkiat7Ut5jeVxDZUQdeDSxLAlZ6ETohO-rxw-J4FqPZCpue0OhTSmMi9NH7SygKXqzgYwBXdAuwuHQ72Ge1O2eiKUEcr6g0IBNicTs_FC_VRBamnpB77Xp0j83uQx_7Cke-/s320/1-Image-003.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-size: large;">Simple squares (using the room height as the length) lay out the window locations for the Hall. Here is the main floor wall with <span style="color: red;">2 squares</span>. They mark the <span style="color: red;">edges</span> of the center window for the main floor and the ground floor below.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrex9wfW0_-f-GRBCEPQl3MglJxYYx7GXw9zc_-B5f8d77f_DZSX8YpR772m_koIlqEymR3MsBTXHLLjDXDZLD5t-KglAFxYAFHgNRQbAosPHWpPxuRsUIKPeFdjpCbBZutmAjU1HBbqgx4PbaX9d_SRMxtwzmHa_smMy3VbarVdPO9jgif2LaYXQ5TLW0/s2515/1-Image%20(2)-006.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1785" data-original-width="2515" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrex9wfW0_-f-GRBCEPQl3MglJxYYx7GXw9zc_-B5f8d77f_DZSX8YpR772m_koIlqEymR3MsBTXHLLjDXDZLD5t-KglAFxYAFHgNRQbAosPHWpPxuRsUIKPeFdjpCbBZutmAjU1HBbqgx4PbaX9d_SRMxtwzmHa_smMy3VbarVdPO9jgif2LaYXQ5TLW0/s320/1-Image%20(2)-006.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">They also locate the<span style="color: red;"> center </span>of the window. The window frame is <span style="color: red;">2 squares</span> tall - as noted by the <span style="color: red;">diagonal line</span>. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The size of the main floor windows and the width of the ground floor windows is set. <br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI5CGAvrIE-6LGTcG6PFCHSGBKRlUCqhP03R_29X9LXEKhawkqvlsYzELaYYsYW_5U9H2BY6kvnYm5lwvYSJZwPDkN60o56aHwoFCBmqWRDB4yCjrT6K4yfva4vvgavD5f1m2FZmi1FWGN1Ys5FvEH1RERWBQqugXL_Ak0NvUU2OOX4Id9-JSAA1xyMuLa/s2469/1-Image%20(2)-007.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1668" data-original-width="2469" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI5CGAvrIE-6LGTcG6PFCHSGBKRlUCqhP03R_29X9LXEKhawkqvlsYzELaYYsYW_5U9H2BY6kvnYm5lwvYSJZwPDkN60o56aHwoFCBmqWRDB4yCjrT6K4yfva4vvgavD5f1m2FZmi1FWGN1Ys5FvEH1RERWBQqugXL_Ak0NvUU2OOX4Id9-JSAA1xyMuLa/s320/1-Image%20(2)-007.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"> <br /></span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Squares of the same proportions, moved to the sides of the window, locate the outer edges of the windows on the left and right. Note: <span style="color: red;">Square A-A</span> and <span style="color: red;">Square B-B</span>. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Those windows will be the same size as the center windows. </span><span style="font-size: large;">There is plenty of room for the flat arches above the windows; the edging brick patterns are not crowded. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The only unknown is the vertical height of the ground floor windows and how far above the floor they will sit. Space must be given for the rowlock arches over the windows.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu_-3gc7IgglL-yQ7_HrVgnbPTu0NOF0C900kgaqaIcYA-yTV3N0ZhdN60eiZQeAHHBBZ4qrATXZCb3xNGo78kf3BOqsE0S6L1mPKXr9wIKl1i6DKNBAwvJxrtQqic45V_zvXywjIP7AsbKEZc2BCU0A1IW0L84uvtQDmP3eGqVNPVpf4mH1gqrmmxowBx/s2476/1-Image%20(5).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1725" data-original-width="2476" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu_-3gc7IgglL-yQ7_HrVgnbPTu0NOF0C900kgaqaIcYA-yTV3N0ZhdN60eiZQeAHHBBZ4qrATXZCb3xNGo78kf3BOqsE0S6L1mPKXr9wIKl1i6DKNBAwvJxrtQqic45V_zvXywjIP7AsbKEZc2BCU0A1IW0L84uvtQDmP3eGqVNPVpf4mH1gqrmmxowBx/s320/1-Image%20(5).jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The<span style="color: red;"> Lines</span><span style="color: red;"> </span>which located and sized the main floor windows extend to the ground floor.<i> I've labeled them <span style="color: red;">A-B,</span> <span style="color: red;">B-A, A-B </span>to match what I drew earlier.</i> <br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9TZE3p6AfFshcTsmZwEajj0b067pcmAIvk4dR0jdKsvgNbtPvAKu-MHEqwtgE4uUJsi_hxH5Fkd8wlYXSPOAtbgKTI0ywlxuth1KqvxHHTKIq7kem_WRhICKacH4xq3nO3dg4lc_193nQqueUpn86q1XMzGQ0dFk3St_i-7t_9mK9LOfk_Hiu-C57MZc6/s895/2-Image%20(6)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="895" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9TZE3p6AfFshcTsmZwEajj0b067pcmAIvk4dR0jdKsvgNbtPvAKu-MHEqwtgE4uUJsi_hxH5Fkd8wlYXSPOAtbgKTI0ywlxuth1KqvxHHTKIq7kem_WRhICKacH4xq3nO3dg4lc_193nQqueUpn86q1XMzGQ0dFk3St_i-7t_9mK9LOfk_Hiu-C57MZc6/s320/2-Image%20(6)-001.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">Using the window width as a radius, and the floor of the lower level as the base, <span style="color: red;">(the Line below 3)</span> the center of the circle can be found, the <span style="color: red;">circle and its daisy wheel </span>drawn. It marks the brick arch over the window. It also intersects the Lines of the window widths locating the height of the ground floor windows. </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The windows are <span style="color: red;">3/4/5</span> rectangles. <br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5fdE7gwuFtyJj-JuOS5NSR0IJoE84Z5kWmaJBb3bOSJcFUEINesnMKqyZLC_k2m2rL7PlJCCrfQo9SeJVd3uX4OxMWst-ylONYpHp-3c7yS2OxEkapaPDtuaFtK6lQKUCkwssyp6OcVLZEzU4IgxiHJN8AXXbCYdAVCg-m8mEtIJ7cyG5kLxaaJkg3n1S/s1739/Image-009.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1047" data-original-width="1739" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5fdE7gwuFtyJj-JuOS5NSR0IJoE84Z5kWmaJBb3bOSJcFUEINesnMKqyZLC_k2m2rL7PlJCCrfQo9SeJVd3uX4OxMWst-ylONYpHp-3c7yS2OxEkapaPDtuaFtK6lQKUCkwssyp6OcVLZEzU4IgxiHJN8AXXbCYdAVCg-m8mEtIJ7cyG5kLxaaJkg3n1S/s320/Image-009.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Walker
trained as a joiner in Scotland at the time when James Gibbs, also a
Scotsman, was there, and when Gibb's book, 'On Architecture', was
published. Gibbs' book included plans for 2 'menageries'.** One was laid out with similar crossed squares, the other used the inside for its geometry as the exterior wall - shown here - was irregular, as is </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">the exterior surface </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">at Stratford Hall</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">. </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Gibbs also used the 3/4/5 rectangle for layouts. </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">Copies of James Gibbs' book came to the Colonies. It is possible both William Walker and the Lee family had read the book in Virginia. <br /><br /></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"></span><p></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b>*</b> Previous posts:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/06/stratford-hall-and-paul-buchanan.html</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/07/stratford-hall-part-ii-geometry-of.html <br /></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/08/stratford-hall-part-iii-look-at.html</span><br /></p><p></p><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">** My posts on Gibbs' geometry:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2021/12/james-gibbs-book-of-architecture.html</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2022/01/james-gibbs-of-architecture-draughts.html</span><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b>*</b> See previous posts:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/06/stratford-hall-and-paul-buchanan.html</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/07/stratford-hall-part-ii-geometry-of.html </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i>**Personal
note: I have been asked at workshops how I use practical geometry. Here
is an example of how I would approach a design today. The geometry
would tell me what size the windows would be and their spacing.</i></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGJpJHX1E8_Uj9dbMM0u9ClHpL2ANem2tyEhvMKJ6l75omeuGImzLLXpmGd95ppXKC3FSP0KYlYU348bz8ig3OQb84srgr2-dlcNZfndm56h2Ly1CrJ9K9YWo8VmgU474yq7i66J3X8MO52yjFKyWc-_EUarBQXFmkezTeGlSTEK7zs8ErJgcJyn51yyK5/s1165/1-IMG-8093-2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1165" data-original-width="1132" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGJpJHX1E8_Uj9dbMM0u9ClHpL2ANem2tyEhvMKJ6l75omeuGImzLLXpmGd95ppXKC3FSP0KYlYU348bz8ig3OQb84srgr2-dlcNZfndm56h2Ly1CrJ9K9YWo8VmgU474yq7i66J3X8MO52yjFKyWc-_EUarBQXFmkezTeGlSTEK7zs8ErJgcJyn51yyK5/s320/1-IMG-8093-2.jpg" width="311" /></a></div><br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-85569561815902399322023-08-21T17:00:00.001-04:002023-08-22T10:43:01.779-04:00Stratford Hall - Part III: Designing with Brick<p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgetQSBDIhEZEl0a1JyL7wLix7K_BVX9Ns8AUfPB673QSiJpIY3PqGGfhm9FKRwzW2VbgnmG4pbnsYVTXw5vhYWx3PJ61JdJuw62glsrViOF_r8yZXz9UIBr7oA1ZD5LrG87QDo5DslD7Mru_WBueru4xcfH5ourP7oAsTYY74degNLHuRsZPulubZBcXLg/s1165/1-IMG-8093-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1165" data-original-width="1132" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgetQSBDIhEZEl0a1JyL7wLix7K_BVX9Ns8AUfPB673QSiJpIY3PqGGfhm9FKRwzW2VbgnmG4pbnsYVTXw5vhYWx3PJ61JdJuw62glsrViOF_r8yZXz9UIBr7oA1ZD5LrG87QDo5DslD7Mru_WBueru4xcfH5ourP7oAsTYY74degNLHuRsZPulubZBcXLg/s320/1-IMG-8093-2.jpg" width="311" /></a></b></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">I had just published </span><span style="font-size: large;">2 posts on </span><span style="font-size: large;">the
practical geometry used to frame/construct Stratford Hall.*</span></span></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The thinking, drawing, and writing about the overall structure of the Hall was done. <br /></span></span></span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQItWaIZveuVjTiem6aC6x4vZQ_q9hsxRk9-NLw55YGl-vUwDegEL9LLhob0O0euJtFCOGhhrB881A4d0a82rP-NXMKq4BnaJjL5wgtTLmsc-ABdrjZK2YDYlyBKfsgdDbEHhahHt0r9EYJ0Hyov-ENHQQ_-mrc_HQCkP4TuSzp7ISKYE-guRbWMt9EZN_/s2468/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1784" data-original-width="2468" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQItWaIZveuVjTiem6aC6x4vZQ_q9hsxRk9-NLw55YGl-vUwDegEL9LLhob0O0euJtFCOGhhrB881A4d0a82rP-NXMKq4BnaJjL5wgtTLmsc-ABdrjZK2YDYlyBKfsgdDbEHhahHt0r9EYJ0Hyov-ENHQQ_-mrc_HQCkP4TuSzp7ISKYE-guRbWMt9EZN_/s320/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">I began exploring the drawings.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <br /></span></span></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcmYjeVBgMRUhbrcjuypN75FmQ7ORMoTx-JnFDfVbGA9ez7XUaW5f4zISAXHN6gLaP8vh4J1bw6St_KE0lf4PJIQ5qKXmA0ZFdYOiDS9-OxGhvBXdRNUF0rwDJ-4-ujwkgmzIptROZyvWgEUVzjoC9xz0EizFK3oP2UkVpnFKRRvqOFHW6koApvPlShj-V/s2497/2-Image%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1812" data-original-width="2497" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcmYjeVBgMRUhbrcjuypN75FmQ7ORMoTx-JnFDfVbGA9ez7XUaW5f4zISAXHN6gLaP8vh4J1bw6St_KE0lf4PJIQ5qKXmA0ZFdYOiDS9-OxGhvBXdRNUF0rwDJ-4-ujwkgmzIptROZyvWgEUVzjoC9xz0EizFK3oP2UkVpnFKRRvqOFHW6koApvPlShj-V/s320/2-Image%20(4).jpg" width="320" /></a></span>The window layout was rhythmic, straight forward: all the windows on each floor were the same size. The space between them as well as the spaces between them and the corners were equal. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">As an architect I have used this pattern on new wings for old houses. I would size the windows to compliment the existing; then divide the remaining space evenly. Or perhaps I would give a little more width to the outside walls, depending on room layout requirements.**</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Here</span><span style="font-size: large;">, I thought, is a </span><span style="font-size: large;">similar layout. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">However, I was wrong.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">As I thought about the proportions </span><span style="font-size: large;">I was laying out a wood frame: locating posts, beams, center lines of windows, heights indicated for headers, a window schedule. </span><span style="font-size: large;">I was building the structure. </span><span style="font-size: large;">The character of the exterior and interior would come later with the addition of sheathing, siding, and plaster finished with trim and moldings. </span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The interior and the exterior of a brick frame are the structure, they are not added later. </span><span style="font-size: large;">Stratford Hall was built of brick. Its character comes from the manipulation of the brick.</span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">So, from the beginning the masons who worked for William Walker, the Master Builder, </span><span style="font-size: large;">needed to know</span><span style="font-size: large;">: </span></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVI-xKNNobx5wUdkyYVE_F5OTAKT8llkdqe7UZR5vlLDimtHdE_2iW6HcyHX8x-Tex5wkT6OmK8ugBC4VGner3XOvhuAjV6sZOjizM4rIEN2A0t6bb6ACiHeawv3dKB6rrG7kgvI4woddy0jneUNxVHULSCPyU3By61RYN_YxWC8b3um2bEE1y8gudsWCd/s913/1-IMG-8129-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="913" data-original-width="871" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVI-xKNNobx5wUdkyYVE_F5OTAKT8llkdqe7UZR5vlLDimtHdE_2iW6HcyHX8x-Tex5wkT6OmK8ugBC4VGner3XOvhuAjV6sZOjizM4rIEN2A0t6bb6ACiHeawv3dKB6rrG7kgvI4woddy0jneUNxVHULSCPyU3By61RYN_YxWC8b3um2bEE1y8gudsWCd/w225-h235/1-IMG-8129-1.jpg" width="225" /></a></p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Where to lay </span><span style="font-size: large;">Flemish Bond using</span><span style="font-size: large;"> brick of just one color? Where use the whiter bricks as headers?<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">W</span><span style="font-size: large;">here to leave window openings? How wide, how tall? </span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix3ako7sCCw9nSqjug97CccuKvm5jug-gWi5q3Lm4_DVXK_bITOvly4zv0W0WqWajL3bkH2TNj0pMGLtmJdum9pZagRVxqGrC3jV9MEZ87qTe0OZVzQDVCL_fbXX5OoiBz55k3Eu27ctYPJBVYuQf958NLPhktc7ljBjm6U-s8LzG88w35SjE9gCLjjCiG/s328/1-IMG-8093-003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="306" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix3ako7sCCw9nSqjug97CccuKvm5jug-gWi5q3Lm4_DVXK_bITOvly4zv0W0WqWajL3bkH2TNj0pMGLtmJdum9pZagRVxqGrC3jV9MEZ87qTe0OZVzQDVCL_fbXX5OoiBz55k3Eu27ctYPJBVYuQf958NLPhktc7ljBjm6U-s8LzG88w35SjE9gCLjjCiG/w222-h237/1-IMG-8093-003.jpg" width="222" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">What brick pattern to use at the window
openings? How many bricks?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> At the corners of the wings too</span><span style="font-size: large;">? <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Where to use a flat arch</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">as a header? Where a </span><span style="font-size: large;">rowlock arch? </span><span style="font-size: large;"> <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7a4SbtGq3o2qFNjsb2LU4AXwRc-tP0pH7wB_gmDsxTKCY1Q1aSjtHU9g4Edh90Tk4JcB4ADE6oPK_vm4rVKoNu1tdCzz2GMP2VNr-9wClyT084H9WAIGk6gvyuUfHisDPkt0zt4hIR-fYYM6q1mq2vFp_hg0PK3ImpKVyuEsmwpNLcSEOi-w0qpjVw4nZ/s194/1-IMG-8093-005.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="191" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7a4SbtGq3o2qFNjsb2LU4AXwRc-tP0pH7wB_gmDsxTKCY1Q1aSjtHU9g4Edh90Tk4JcB4ADE6oPK_vm4rVKoNu1tdCzz2GMP2VNr-9wClyT084H9WAIGk6gvyuUfHisDPkt0zt4hIR-fYYM6q1mq2vFp_hg0PK3ImpKVyuEsmwpNLcSEOi-w0qpjVw4nZ/w222-h225/1-IMG-8093-005.jpg" width="222" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">Where to place the brick cap and make the brick wall thinner?</span><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">That question was easy to answer: where the wall diminishes just above the joist pockets which hold the main floor joists. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGQNVvAy6-Ao5piVLUM2m3mJOw4AM_Ayb0PXwMHkwmv4RMjjNjMMHu68KId7LcHzeO8SM8re5b6Fk-kMS_42gU1iRc4m_hCyinx-oQI-g0iPumaObPvzIW_KnyEY11RKZF77OI2ByBV_CZw2CQvtOEibaSnMSts4GvFW9Q9Ag1acSwpDghk2Q5yoIVEacO/s278/1-IMG-8093-004.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="278" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGQNVvAy6-Ao5piVLUM2m3mJOw4AM_Ayb0PXwMHkwmv4RMjjNjMMHu68KId7LcHzeO8SM8re5b6Fk-kMS_42gU1iRc4m_hCyinx-oQI-g0iPumaObPvzIW_KnyEY11RKZF77OI2ByBV_CZw2CQvtOEibaSnMSts4GvFW9Q9Ag1acSwpDghk2Q5yoIVEacO/s1600/1-IMG-8093-004.jpg" width="278" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">In this image you can see how much information William Walker had to give the masons as they began. </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">How many rows at grade before the <br />the corner brick pattern begins, as well as the use of lighter headers? </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">What is the height of the ground floor windows, and their width? </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The brick details at the sides windows and at the corner which needed careful calculations are visible here. <i> </i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i>The black line at the corner is an electrical cord.</i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><i> </i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i> </i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">When I knew the issues I could ask the question: </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">How did William Walker, Master Builder, lay out the elevations?</span></p> <br /><p><span style="font-size: large;">I will propose some answers in the next post<i>. <br /></i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="font-size: large;"></span><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b>*</b> See previous posts:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/06/stratford-hall-and-paul-buchanan.html</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/07/stratford-hall-part-ii-geometry-of.html </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">** I knew about the use of proportion and rhythm in architecture and applied it for many years before I 'discovered' Practical Geometry. I studied the illustration in pattern books without understanding the numbers engraved along the sides of those drawings nor pausing to read the texts. I did not 'discover' the practical use of geometry: I finally read the text in the books and studied the scales.<br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i> </i></span></p><br /><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i> </i></span></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-45575526221418744922023-07-27T20:54:00.000-04:002023-07-27T20:54:14.074-04:00The Geometry of a Corn Crib<br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIrMFld1WJmkc8AKmj_y_sbCjz9NPGN4kd0zAcwpbhIZLKQpbVNGNgP33PwsmHaaEaOsa5CieMsUWBw0tbGG2LNDfgZL1qQ79uMWFDgEFlnhE4CJYZ-oENeuNSdtP0jCsdXQhELaX7aCWM3TLfq20Vyz8OrHzSKwnBjsTL2xfT5LIMn_rYPz7c6pD6X0zF/s1762/6-100_3462.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1759" data-original-width="1762" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIrMFld1WJmkc8AKmj_y_sbCjz9NPGN4kd0zAcwpbhIZLKQpbVNGNgP33PwsmHaaEaOsa5CieMsUWBw0tbGG2LNDfgZL1qQ79uMWFDgEFlnhE4CJYZ-oENeuNSdtP0jCsdXQhELaX7aCWM3TLfq20Vyz8OrHzSKwnBjsTL2xfT5LIMn_rYPz7c6pD6X0zF/w267-h266/6-100_3462.JPG" width="267" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Our corn crib: built c. 1810, photographed c. 2000. </p><p>Well used, in need of attention, like every building on the farm.<br /></p><p> <br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxMb4mhgS3PQLMXV_oE7k2b9Wie89N327IfF1Dp4-js9htBNEATa0pE32z2CkeOB8rqBkfaFrSSZOvMAuU_kMNixrU0J83hSwe_50Ladnc2RrkrgzkgnYlE9SBltWQuc9b5BriinyF0eIBG15GeRhwl6wqf_xGr5VZ2_Uj5hqm6YfZUmAkLj2e-FEhcTZD/s2900/1-IMG_6394.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2900" data-original-width="2066" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxMb4mhgS3PQLMXV_oE7k2b9Wie89N327IfF1Dp4-js9htBNEATa0pE32z2CkeOB8rqBkfaFrSSZOvMAuU_kMNixrU0J83hSwe_50Ladnc2RrkrgzkgnYlE9SBltWQuc9b5BriinyF0eIBG15GeRhwl6wqf_xGr5VZ2_Uj5hqm6YfZUmAkLj2e-FEhcTZD/w180-h252/1-IMG_6394.JPG" width="180" /></a></div><p> </p><p>In time we replaced the roof. Then we removed rotten siding. <br /></p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-r8HpPu9svtNPmEVg9TZxhZ-Y1vpQMg4L3RH_TnWBGMfqt8P_JoDZJREuJfpH15S8ttfyQMK28C1DSqJ7ZmURVgG4phSAUu3nOWAklADwVKKjZjLB7HcrcN_eHyQ66BfRLcgiWgTKbA5_Ah-qMQWiLXiOVmLvOI51k2AdrgxeTro6wfg1IVp_2mFfPkM6/s1761/1-IMG-9069.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1164" data-original-width="1761" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-r8HpPu9svtNPmEVg9TZxhZ-Y1vpQMg4L3RH_TnWBGMfqt8P_JoDZJREuJfpH15S8ttfyQMK28C1DSqJ7ZmURVgG4phSAUu3nOWAklADwVKKjZjLB7HcrcN_eHyQ66BfRLcgiWgTKbA5_Ah-qMQWiLXiOVmLvOI51k2AdrgxeTro6wfg1IVp_2mFfPkM6/s320/1-IMG-9069.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> </p><p>We were surprised!The crib's post and beam frame was scribed! It has neat, precise marriage marks which, in this part of Vermont, are found on frames which were built 1800 -1820.</p><p>On the left are 'll" on both post and brace. On the right the marks on both post and brace are "llll".<br /></p><p></p><p> <br /> </p><p></p><p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_e5Cytq-buhZhwJcI1Evsy_FpPdYWe0teFfn7nrMjQgaWolwfbjOTf16KdwTZWnc8kkyfNZfjn3Bmc8S0X0GNIvVeh0sopzEbvqwipTDbZ3WTgHIhlXThMlp6Nnht7sme2NtUgMldSP2woMdrLaTIi4PbbG2HPVKHrU19HEORZg0yLqRV0J6RM2FeL3WW/s512/3-IMG-2884.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="433" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_e5Cytq-buhZhwJcI1Evsy_FpPdYWe0teFfn7nrMjQgaWolwfbjOTf16KdwTZWnc8kkyfNZfjn3Bmc8S0X0GNIvVeh0sopzEbvqwipTDbZ3WTgHIhlXThMlp6Nnht7sme2NtUgMldSP2woMdrLaTIi4PbbG2HPVKHrU19HEORZg0yLqRV0J6RM2FeL3WW/s320/3-IMG-2884.JPG" width="271" /></a>When our house was built in 1810, the corn crib may have been here.<br /></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>It has been moved at least 3 times. It has been repaired, reinforced; its interior reconfigured. It has held corn, feed, tools, chickens, furniture, and been home to many birds.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><p>Its plan:</p><p>A rectangle divided into 3 equal
bays. The lengthwise framing in the larger space labeled 'corn' may have been flexible
partitions. The tool
and grain storage space has a low ceiling to allow more
head room in the loft above it. </p><p> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRB6SS8TqWDD3W8h6-PNMPPBPepe8VoQoqd9ckRksHzUKvpD76do8HWYlL2u8zFQIWfVd-KgYf0sk4W46hpL6Fz_-UjyjKLaJ3_a0W_pad249NyKEx_9rJoq2gRGS8NNQsaxbP1QQO8tUXl3gohS4ercG4-Sbf5wGmwVpi4ytZLVZlsj9list5aQE4GSq6/s435/1-IMG-2885.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="435" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRB6SS8TqWDD3W8h6-PNMPPBPepe8VoQoqd9ckRksHzUKvpD76do8HWYlL2u8zFQIWfVd-KgYf0sk4W46hpL6Fz_-UjyjKLaJ3_a0W_pad249NyKEx_9rJoq2gRGS8NNQsaxbP1QQO8tUXl3gohS4ercG4-Sbf5wGmwVpi4ytZLVZlsj9list5aQE4GSq6/s320/1-IMG-2885.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p> </p><p>A cross section of the crib at the partition <br /></p><p>It is about 15 ft. wide at the base. Today its sill is about 24" above grade on the south end, 12" on the north.</p><p></p><br /><p><br /></p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhANBl5rEAmv7lqq4YUx8Y2soG2dlNJ5xEvv2il1cBdA-nQZ9wbANMIY96HvXLKBlxQkUc56V_12_bkNSIiaI0_PtLHnqAwFaxUUbXRbHxCARv60igRHDl3fYWEGQF6vZyKbZrbFT8-2n9UukA8VWMbgsyCdGIX_Fy8XiiLPM88SMAbyd190eAmvoPP4WHY/s1719/1-Image%20(3)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1719" data-original-width="1377" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhANBl5rEAmv7lqq4YUx8Y2soG2dlNJ5xEvv2il1cBdA-nQZ9wbANMIY96HvXLKBlxQkUc56V_12_bkNSIiaI0_PtLHnqAwFaxUUbXRbHxCARv60igRHDl3fYWEGQF6vZyKbZrbFT8-2n9UukA8VWMbgsyCdGIX_Fy8XiiLPM88SMAbyd190eAmvoPP4WHY/s320/1-Image%20(3)-001.jpg" width="256" /></a> </p><p>Of course I was curious about the geometry. </p><p>A corn crib was
useful, and utilitarian. It served a purpose without frills. </p><p>What
was the simple, direct way to lay out its frame?</p><p></p><p></p><p> </p><p>The floor plan: a rectangle with 4 corner posts and 4 evenly spaced intermediate posts. </p><p><br />The dashed line shows the slope of the walls. The slope keeps rain off the corn. It's possible that the angle also keeps the cobs from locking in place.<i> </i></p><p><i>The slope was determined by a simple choice - see below*.</i></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUd2JARvKYej7qwJqWUOjLM2hJ9pGn8kQJI1DqZt8nDMUzAf6pycI1fhCx_sWOMLmT5J4MiYnompKUSTfN8eeoW06WDUX7QheAH3E_yCYq6idhdIqqJqu6DuWcBmea8b5ZELGvxe49mWYzToaXUZUKG31xJwLg-Maiv9lIpM0zWg60rVC9wKrdMHGnChYA/s212/1-1-IMG-4800.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="212" data-original-width="212" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUd2JARvKYej7qwJqWUOjLM2hJ9pGn8kQJI1DqZt8nDMUzAf6pycI1fhCx_sWOMLmT5J4MiYnompKUSTfN8eeoW06WDUX7QheAH3E_yCYq6idhdIqqJqu6DuWcBmea8b5ZELGvxe49mWYzToaXUZUKG31xJwLg-Maiv9lIpM0zWg60rVC9wKrdMHGnChYA/w170-h170/1-1-IMG-4800.jpg" width="170" /></a></div> <p></p><p>Today a carpenter would lay out the plan with a tape measure and a steel square. In 1810, these tools did not exist. Instead the carpenter used geometry. </p><p>Here is the basic layout for a square as drawn by Audel in 1923. This could have been used for the corn crib.<br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwri-b0cf6bRJ7jDyNYXH1uRRqR51HSxy0ezJ-09iY_qdc6AOAPAtPus_9UvZDCiU2titJ4BuEIF9h1gMbtMMYCMKP-ZhFFrcQ1m3MTuyV81OJH__9kNyCW9q05-fMU2dF47YCP0rLI6jt7wwdaVcx46ruaP9NreE_u7ym9BJA1WSN1p0T33maN55nvtQW/s2416/2-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2416" data-original-width="2404" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwri-b0cf6bRJ7jDyNYXH1uRRqR51HSxy0ezJ-09iY_qdc6AOAPAtPus_9UvZDCiU2titJ4BuEIF9h1gMbtMMYCMKP-ZhFFrcQ1m3MTuyV81OJH__9kNyCW9q05-fMU2dF47YCP0rLI6jt7wwdaVcx46ruaP9NreE_u7ym9BJA1WSN1p0T33maN55nvtQW/s320/2-Image.jpg" width="318" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><p>The layout using the geometry of a circle:</p><p><b>A-A</b> is the width. Its arcs become the radius of the circle. They cross at the <span style="color: red;">center</span> of the circle. Then the circle is drawn with marks where 6 arcs cross the circle. 2 of the arcs cross at<b> B</b> and <b>B</b>: 2 at<b> C </b>and<b> C.<br /></b></p><p> Draw 2 lines: <b>A-B</b> and <b>A-B</b>. They are the sides of the plan. </p><p>2 intermediate posts are located at <b>C</b> and <b>C,</b> where the circle's arcs cross the lines<b> A-B</b>. <br /></p><p> Swing 2 more<b> arcs</b> from the corners of the plan: center of the <b>arc </b>on<b> A</b>, Then swing from the other <b>A to C. </b>They cross the earlier <b>arcs</b> at<b> D </b>and<b> D. </b>The <b>Line D, </b>extended divides<b> A-C </b>in half and is the location of the next set of posts. <br /></p><p>The arcs with their centers on both <b>D's</b>, swung from the other <b>D</b>, locates<b> E </b>which marks the length of the corn crib floor. (I drew only one.)<br /></p><p><i><br />I can draw this layout much faster than I can write about it. Even so, it takes too long. I think a master carpenter would already know the geometry which I've laid out here and would have used short cuts.</i></p><p><i> </i></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlPfnhsZWyz44_o19uzvRDS-PncgcMguMSX0RjrlwMVMzDQS3x9_tJkWiRargbsBVzdE6bgEGY9bSrgK72x-lh0lQliKFz4PiYw6Ilk4O2Jb0JFcUu6lE9OTjAyUy5Vz7FSHzTdCeI1xauAH3wHaEseyfwxEJwKyEy-Nl6SXikeRipV65BOPOL9LDP7SLM/s2172/1-Image%20(2)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2172" data-original-width="1667" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlPfnhsZWyz44_o19uzvRDS-PncgcMguMSX0RjrlwMVMzDQS3x9_tJkWiRargbsBVzdE6bgEGY9bSrgK72x-lh0lQliKFz4PiYw6Ilk4O2Jb0JFcUu6lE9OTjAyUy5Vz7FSHzTdCeI1xauAH3wHaEseyfwxEJwKyEy-Nl6SXikeRipV65BOPOL9LDP7SLM/s320/1-Image%20(2)-001.jpg" width="246" /></a></p><p></p><p>He would have had a framing floor, probably in a barn. </p><p>He would know the general plan. He and his client would have reviewed size and any needed variations. The work just needed to be laid out. He would have used twine and awls, a chalk line to mark the lines on his framing floor. </p><p><i>I have drawn the chalk line set to both points, and <span style="color: red;">a squiggle</span> where the line is not held tight</i></p><p><span style="color: red;">A= the width </span>of the corn crib, the ends of the rectangle.</p><p>Both sides need to be perpendicular to <span style="color: red;">A</span>: the <span style="color: red;">3/4/5 triangle </span>-<b> </b><span style="color: red;">B </span>- sets the corner. The carpenter could then snap his Line -<span style="color: red;"> D </span>- on both sides. Folding his Line -<span style="color: red;">A</span>- in half he could lay out 3 lengths along his Line, and then connect the 2 sides. The plan for the crib was done.<br /></p><p> </p><p>The plan could be easily 'trued' by checking that <span style="color: red;">the diagonals</span> of the whole rectangle, <span style="color: red;">solid lines - E</span>, as well as those for the 3 smaller rectangles,<span style="color: red;"> dashed lines - F,</span> matched.</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLFFfOPwbxxVU9EtIKvLLzrKT0LLPA7vUYZuyONh_UfBiPZduCStcVkjdOpU3rx9Fjh-lI2exAlTuTEN2-ylSaR-ymKuDNsd2Gt2-yUYxgWKh3appKcskJ5eDQxhJyeMNuHG_ml-QMpAkecD-FdSp_4U4YOwLHR7x3J5BlZb_g2_VkUouLFOLi2GMQpV8Y/s1684/1-Image%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1684" data-original-width="1409" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLFFfOPwbxxVU9EtIKvLLzrKT0LLPA7vUYZuyONh_UfBiPZduCStcVkjdOpU3rx9Fjh-lI2exAlTuTEN2-ylSaR-ymKuDNsd2Gt2-yUYxgWKh3appKcskJ5eDQxhJyeMNuHG_ml-QMpAkecD-FdSp_4U4YOwLHR7x3J5BlZb_g2_VkUouLFOLi2GMQpV8Y/s320/1-Image%20(4).jpg" width="268" /></a> </p><p> </p><p></p><p> </p><p>The elevation, here laid out with a compass. </p><p></p><br /><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCO2zaUHBI3xU76Z6FHrgvnBA5KNiQ5BENpe_rSvruAyyom-rBRNAYfeQw-deBNe8p3N-IcdyBimW4QqMAzQV11979Tn_dxk167CcNIA_ZbHaHuepFz4vlNG99v8tYvolBkAuGiscXehuxv5bzucD-UsEAIFcIs28FGyOSvCHLP5pYfypqI7whJEQvpljY/s1824/2-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1824" data-original-width="1641" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCO2zaUHBI3xU76Z6FHrgvnBA5KNiQ5BENpe_rSvruAyyom-rBRNAYfeQw-deBNe8p3N-IcdyBimW4QqMAzQV11979Tn_dxk167CcNIA_ZbHaHuepFz4vlNG99v8tYvolBkAuGiscXehuxv5bzucD-UsEAIFcIs28FGyOSvCHLP5pYfypqI7whJEQvpljY/s320/2-Image%20(2).jpg" width="288" /></a> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> Again, I think it would be easier to lay out the frame with a chalk line, using the width of the crib as the unit of the <span style="color: red;">square.</span><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p><br /><span style="color: red;"> </span></p><p><span style="color: red;">The square and its diagonals</span>.</p><p>Note that the diagonals cross at the location of the beam that carries the loft. This is the first point.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhop9abwrXDtnuGjh47Utc3tl9L7LCb3Uak4P2Uxf0iKwJ3xXPCwhQPi4tKqF_U3xxxQrEOMSz72g-pS0xP6dSIdsv2MToAVB3F9XHcTWprC4AZcfHBpRLILuGqAYIqTDyoQ6vUrziYhe0OzcYD7mNw7g5VLtpm7xGaMOLBheH0DQ6pDHnKJ_jiU1mqhTS/s1824/6-Image%20(6).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1824" data-original-width="1757" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhop9abwrXDtnuGjh47Utc3tl9L7LCb3Uak4P2Uxf0iKwJ3xXPCwhQPi4tKqF_U3xxxQrEOMSz72g-pS0xP6dSIdsv2MToAVB3F9XHcTWprC4AZcfHBpRLILuGqAYIqTDyoQ6vUrziYhe0OzcYD7mNw7g5VLtpm7xGaMOLBheH0DQ6pDHnKJ_jiU1mqhTS/w281-h292/6-Image%20(6).jpg" width="281" /></a></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>2 points are necessary to draw a Line - or to snap a chalk line. The carpenter divided his Line in half, locating the<span style="color: red;"> vertical center line </span><span>of the square.</span><br /></p><p>The<span style="color: red;"> diagonals</span> on the right half cross to give the carpenter his <span style="color: red;">2 points. </span><span>He could locate the beam carrying the loft over the feed bins.</span><span><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjju90QCUdQ2KEaB6WIikAabWNYmCJ3_mVBYXmkBRSUloOpWR4oS3DXXR72As9L1UrRkvlEfqfj29XTYN_KovWP6mXCrM3IiatD8zISvVHyIXVZJRuGGAa4tHWBWqdFIBQiHzzn_hlmTHoO4D2_iFxzuDskcSjD2-pZW8crBzKPVmbF39PBIQfxw1QkTY0U/s1824/5-Image%20(5).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1824" data-original-width="1641" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjju90QCUdQ2KEaB6WIikAabWNYmCJ3_mVBYXmkBRSUloOpWR4oS3DXXR72As9L1UrRkvlEfqfj29XTYN_KovWP6mXCrM3IiatD8zISvVHyIXVZJRuGGAa4tHWBWqdFIBQiHzzn_hlmTHoO4D2_iFxzuDskcSjD2-pZW8crBzKPVmbF39PBIQfxw1QkTY0U/s320/5-Image%20(5).jpg" width="288" /></a> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Next the carpenter needed to set the wall height. He added one <span style="color: red;">diagonal on the left side</span>; then <span style="color: red;">the diagonals </span>for the upper half of the square.</p><p>He had<span style="color: red;"> 2 more points</span> whose<span style="color: red;"> Line (dashed here) </span>located the plates for the side walls and the roof.<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfTlSQiwV0Df92BfmWZbR9ClotEvjRAHVz2f6ju3WVbgRVTHc8G3HhjzmZKQ3S9TYk5uqRgJ74qozrIGa_i1jgUzHj79EOlVE4jCSVgNASlHH88FuXreeELX5uIMK8LLTbgXe3YUETGj5Enl-EXFQRobf5f-QNrtG06jhqlZSSWUaJpvvd9qqjwk9Qfw6B/s1824/3-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1824" data-original-width="1635" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfTlSQiwV0Df92BfmWZbR9ClotEvjRAHVz2f6ju3WVbgRVTHc8G3HhjzmZKQ3S9TYk5uqRgJ74qozrIGa_i1jgUzHj79EOlVE4jCSVgNASlHH88FuXreeELX5uIMK8LLTbgXe3YUETGj5Enl-EXFQRobf5f-QNrtG06jhqlZSSWUaJpvvd9qqjwk9Qfw6B/s320/3-Image%20(3).jpg" width="287" /></a></div><p></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Finally he used<span style="color: red;"> half his unit</span> (the width of the crib between walls) as the height to the ridge of his roof. Here I have drawn it as <span style="color: red;">an arc.</span></p><p><span style="color: red;"> </span></p><p><span style="color: red;"> </span></p><p><span style="color: red;"> </span></p><p><span style="color: red;"> </span></p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEX-FD0Pi4v6Vktoi7mzYnZ62bRyoXcMSS2fKuV6jzdV--lYrhSzHKbvX4GBgn3iFS7JPMbgrYSIyR4sDbD5EkaEMhQGo48WJNYQ29VU7WYQiTAPoJXk7e7y87Jth84PXDzSoPTzbcKjs7fT-Z06k6T-0PB8lHXo0UwP9QCoaWL1kneg2ZISdDyZLONU2Z/s1720/4-Image%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1720" data-original-width="853" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEX-FD0Pi4v6Vktoi7mzYnZ62bRyoXcMSS2fKuV6jzdV--lYrhSzHKbvX4GBgn3iFS7JPMbgrYSIyR4sDbD5EkaEMhQGo48WJNYQ29VU7WYQiTAPoJXk7e7y87Jth84PXDzSoPTzbcKjs7fT-Z06k6T-0PB8lHXo0UwP9QCoaWL1kneg2ZISdDyZLONU2Z/s320/4-Image%20(4).jpg" width="159" /></a> <br /></div><p></p><p> * Now he was ready to layout the slope for the walls.</p><p>A<span style="color: red;"> straight line (with arrows) </span>from the outside of <span style="color: red;">the sill</span> at the bottom is on the inside of<span style="color: red;"> the plate</span> at the top of the wall. This determines the slant of the walls. <br /></p><p><i>I didn't discover this myself. Someone showed me. Unfortunately I don't remember who and can't give him credit. </i></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzxXSaqxPQgW-IREo5BfY1VxfUsXiguFwgzKfnDrlyqPcy8r7W6bT3XTEBWXkq2LNrQO87P401vPdYOvKExuQ5ujZXtPmpQrTNswOULTAMJKmmRXr2YvXz3rk6BEsEldfkUdefskmfj3c_JoWbTQsRB8e-3M0sZBF6QCdAzqTPPzQTM9oS59VHM_t0sgCI/s1310/1-IMG_E2597.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1310" data-original-width="1199" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzxXSaqxPQgW-IREo5BfY1VxfUsXiguFwgzKfnDrlyqPcy8r7W6bT3XTEBWXkq2LNrQO87P401vPdYOvKExuQ5ujZXtPmpQrTNswOULTAMJKmmRXr2YvXz3rk6BEsEldfkUdefskmfj3c_JoWbTQsRB8e-3M0sZBF6QCdAzqTPPzQTM9oS59VHM_t0sgCI/w183-h200/1-IMG_E2597.JPG" width="183" /></a></p><br /><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The 'front' of the corn crib today. We added a window, matching one already in the crib.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNyvKcEsbu-G6EhPMdnYMCc3Z03aBX2etRLql5cW8rhOmsmvxIH_q3egx9R9VtV4U3Bv3i_yliOivZVanjExZPtuWVVouhm-dn-vzULANxRtpfhBa8ELv3LHRELTEWm_rU-KdgwMSMpYTfgQJnNkz1I70omHPPVChcTGtSXeqxqEURoz-U8aW1gXlKYfwY/s2918/5-IMG-8976.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2905" data-original-width="2918" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNyvKcEsbu-G6EhPMdnYMCc3Z03aBX2etRLql5cW8rhOmsmvxIH_q3egx9R9VtV4U3Bv3i_yliOivZVanjExZPtuWVVouhm-dn-vzULANxRtpfhBa8ELv3LHRELTEWm_rU-KdgwMSMpYTfgQJnNkz1I70omHPPVChcTGtSXeqxqEURoz-U8aW1gXlKYfwY/s320/5-IMG-8976.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p></p><p>\</p><p>The 'back' of the crib.<br /></p><p></p><p>We moved the door to the 'back' as we no longer unload from a wagon.</p><p>The hollyhocks self-seeded here. They approve of our work. <br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3xQzCyR_BmOGy5BCZ_wEmbNE4KAkZtDM2ZzEn9MIizAkFeLJURkE58KsZ9DC0_OqXmIhOKKHcNxoyZhsY5hBMpEPl6vFm8S3SwFs48vCmHuteV3CCZHhtenmuXWeJK8cwaLB9RDnPhTz1MHvzfY12sL5hV78uAiPNawq8xGfAO-g6VrkRV4S7Ll_P7KHN/s1695/1-IMG-9032.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1556" data-original-width="1695" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3xQzCyR_BmOGy5BCZ_wEmbNE4KAkZtDM2ZzEn9MIizAkFeLJURkE58KsZ9DC0_OqXmIhOKKHcNxoyZhsY5hBMpEPl6vFm8S3SwFs48vCmHuteV3CCZHhtenmuXWeJK8cwaLB9RDnPhTz1MHvzfY12sL5hV78uAiPNawq8xGfAO-g6VrkRV4S7Ll_P7KHN/s320/1-IMG-9032.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Post Script: Images of the frame <br /></p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><p>Post, plates, and rafters in a corner of the crib</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOJ2l_gVbi867Royl93iF-gC4IuqcZ_EkhEGSVdswrs8MCrCPYBzKXhnBCCWcxT5tM441n7fym2-Ibjpe2CJUouch4DH7P0xCEu-vUaSWbuGhbGOnZeSO0Y114oZeUFM-D2VGpi4e3UP3EDRgSBYH-gqs2nJ4ITnvm4wpTAr47ebORwJ60gCom1lbp0lZS/s1717/3-IMG-8982.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1637" data-original-width="1717" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOJ2l_gVbi867Royl93iF-gC4IuqcZ_EkhEGSVdswrs8MCrCPYBzKXhnBCCWcxT5tM441n7fym2-Ibjpe2CJUouch4DH7P0xCEu-vUaSWbuGhbGOnZeSO0Y114oZeUFM-D2VGpi4e3UP3EDRgSBYH-gqs2nJ4ITnvm4wpTAr47ebORwJ60gCom1lbp0lZS/s320/3-IMG-8982.jpg" width="320" /></a></p> <p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> 3"x4" braces cut by a sash saw, pegged.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6IlHiLvFC6WmUunYR0W4SFRimTnGoSbeXiulJjmoWWmUGsA5cq2iqa69ivqgGw3psZjLEVrF79Lu5Y8X0WeJuEup-HSUlD_u-ze2L5qnyZz4fNauYgnXX4skrDUVzOVl90GwS907GSL7T_JPDeUf_nU5-bRgnyU7MKCoCWExO1Ty1mqE5t5WeJAURrFpw/s2386/2-IMG-9001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2274" data-original-width="2386" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6IlHiLvFC6WmUunYR0W4SFRimTnGoSbeXiulJjmoWWmUGsA5cq2iqa69ivqgGw3psZjLEVrF79Lu5Y8X0WeJuEup-HSUlD_u-ze2L5qnyZz4fNauYgnXX4skrDUVzOVl90GwS907GSL7T_JPDeUf_nU5-bRgnyU7MKCoCWExO1Ty1mqE5t5WeJAURrFpw/s320/2-IMG-9001.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The original rafters are 3" x 4", cut by a sash saw.</p><p>Later logs were added between the rafters and butted together. Many of the logs are birch.<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2NDNYaA0a3X7DywpA1u2zDYb7OxknSsk4DGOrs2HbyY4Z-sAh6z0a9w5u6EP3E4ePKpSFQnCErGBce2xrR50jVy5qTFWe9SgIjecV0XC8QyrkH6GnPURURU8NfenT_T_rsa9uQHC0Nbf-cz4Vt7Ey18WM7JQ7PA1g8MTitgHhvXkbCL4B2LqmQKQk1Cr2/s879/4-IMG-9002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="845" data-original-width="879" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2NDNYaA0a3X7DywpA1u2zDYb7OxknSsk4DGOrs2HbyY4Z-sAh6z0a9w5u6EP3E4ePKpSFQnCErGBce2xrR50jVy5qTFWe9SgIjecV0XC8QyrkH6GnPURURU8NfenT_T_rsa9uQHC0Nbf-cz4Vt7Ey18WM7JQ7PA1g8MTitgHhvXkbCL4B2LqmQKQk1Cr2/s320/4-IMG-9002.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The rafters were mortised and tenoned at the ridge.The large peg is visible here.</p><p><br /></p><p>Knob and tube wiring and electrical cable are still in place though today the crib has no electricity. </p><p>At one point there was also telephone line.<br /></p><p><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><p><br /></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-49358372009420068682023-07-02T17:40:00.001-04:002023-08-02T11:48:42.044-04:00Stratford Hall, Part II: The Geometry of the Elevations<p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfXjR0XBLUdHfLDLMvyxRPrqWE5DBsa-ap0zrjgGEuqWWRRKXhWZESy2W-Et9dHkm0ygEnXAGIwVNaI3DaKDtVrVjyXcrNW5BJrKvc2beZBzqjQRskriAOTwZdf3KNzf0gU6Dp-2TJUHRcNqA2St4conbrJbCUkVy3qJBuxACb2Lkhaq6lrUl0Bw-bvxdg/s3024/1-IMG-8093-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="2921" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfXjR0XBLUdHfLDLMvyxRPrqWE5DBsa-ap0zrjgGEuqWWRRKXhWZESy2W-Et9dHkm0ygEnXAGIwVNaI3DaKDtVrVjyXcrNW5BJrKvc2beZBzqjQRskriAOTwZdf3KNzf0gU6Dp-2TJUHRcNqA2St4conbrJbCUkVy3qJBuxACb2Lkhaq6lrUl0Bw-bvxdg/s320/1-IMG-8093-1.jpg" width="309" /></a><br /></p><p>Stratford Hall, begun in 1736 - As visitors would have seen it when they came to the house from the plantation's docks on the Potomac River. <br /></p><p> <br /></p><p>My first post on Stratford Hall* looked at the how the foundation plan was composed of 5 equal squares. The location of the central hall which runs between the chimneys was also shown to be sited by the circle that laid out the squares.</p><p>The Master Builder, William Walker,** seems to have used the square as his geometry to layout the house. Did he use the square for the rest of the plans and elevations? <i>I obviously think he did, but we have few notes, only his actual construction as proof.</i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5t79snjRNOOYxg8pEtmW1snRnnNCkehk4eLSkZlxn05LVwBrRkQ2bateAfcq4Tbun6Ak-zlSLeal5d_W3Z5CePpqGnoYZx65dhXWAPNB48bS4QBh2nwpBREP6v8RUvgsuALtJnowgJcrvw4RUtHEJ57FwhrYjRcqgs4TeMelhLP-UeB0tqjib43R2OUGB/s852/1-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="851" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5t79snjRNOOYxg8pEtmW1snRnnNCkehk4eLSkZlxn05LVwBrRkQ2bateAfcq4Tbun6Ak-zlSLeal5d_W3Z5CePpqGnoYZx65dhXWAPNB48bS4QBh2nwpBREP6v8RUvgsuALtJnowgJcrvw4RUtHEJ57FwhrYjRcqgs4TeMelhLP-UeB0tqjib43R2OUGB/w200-h200/1-Image%20(3).jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p> </p><p>Was the width of the chimney bases determined by those squares? <br /></p><p>Probably. The exterior dimensions of the house foundation and the chimney bases would have been set at the same time. Here are<span style="color: red;"> </span><span>the</span><span style="color: red;"> Lines </span>which divide the width of the square into 4 parts: one part on each side for doorways, 2 parts in the middle for chimney masonry. The<span style="color: red;"> Lines</span> are not quite accurate: note the <span style="color: red;">red lines with arrows</span>. Perhaps this is because the masons who built fireplaces had different skills than those who laid brick walls and the dimensions were not as critical. <br /></p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgehmGdyoPIHvKQE5GPzKyOo7ETh_PZPX72S8RGT5th6Ze4_yVsXLKgOkblkvUqp0ZNPHKqDD4fM5Q2DQL3hlpli9RjRWW1Bbjcr-Ghkf6MlOp4qZiU3ULuMeChI0zdFhetZ9o-BOOB5Ia0cQxVyGp7v0i7szSCuwFUQjNRBDn7zKv-iSyjqh85K_V3JyER/s800/3-Image%20(4)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgehmGdyoPIHvKQE5GPzKyOo7ETh_PZPX72S8RGT5th6Ze4_yVsXLKgOkblkvUqp0ZNPHKqDD4fM5Q2DQL3hlpli9RjRWW1Bbjcr-Ghkf6MlOp4qZiU3ULuMeChI0zdFhetZ9o-BOOB5Ia0cQxVyGp7v0i7szSCuwFUQjNRBDn7zKv-iSyjqh85K_V3JyER/w200-h200/3-Image%20(4)-001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div> <p></p><p> Note that <span style="color: red;">these Lines</span>, when I added them to the square based on the inside of the brick walls, give no useful information.</p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsDm-v62J-p-OIDaV213ALqt1Bq_gNuG_6tOnTefetaljQn45osbVOGBRYrQQM5MN9tCKdAVbcneN2NdUK1PlICvLhZxWQxZoiW_ERxnokcs4OQeMsYRNUqlw-aqabOVRCO-CJ01iWvKa0S2U2G7P7MH3V7RRQTGSt_W4-kpuB3uxnV_xCq1Rlkm_BacQp/s2558/1-1-1-IMG-5251.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1837" data-original-width="2558" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsDm-v62J-p-OIDaV213ALqt1Bq_gNuG_6tOnTefetaljQn45osbVOGBRYrQQM5MN9tCKdAVbcneN2NdUK1PlICvLhZxWQxZoiW_ERxnokcs4OQeMsYRNUqlw-aqabOVRCO-CJ01iWvKa0S2U2G7P7MH3V7RRQTGSt_W4-kpuB3uxnV_xCq1Rlkm_BacQp/w200-h144/1-1-1-IMG-5251.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p>A brick wall can be measured from the outside or the inside.</p><p> A garden wall needs 2 parallel Lines (twine) to be staked - one on
each side of the wall - to guide the construction.</p><p></p><p> A brick wall for a
building would also have 2 Lines. The bricklayer, checking his Lines for a building
layout must decide which side of the wall to use.</p><p></p><br /><p></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaP4ExlSjPgG_JrkAfNQtqi6U3r4LUyQbts1Q34RjQ26oWetTTHqtgSHVr_obAgh2uAzVyBHgRB3Dxqn2RcqXTAhr8s7LyOjmRzEsXNNcq4h6yg9cWl-i9zsV6eAFMsj_ygKST-dvzrnM2AZabYXaZhgLFL_Ugd7opGhmqO3eRkW9lf2C3KQDV8_n9s8wi/s1193/1-Image-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1193" data-original-width="988" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaP4ExlSjPgG_JrkAfNQtqi6U3r4LUyQbts1Q34RjQ26oWetTTHqtgSHVr_obAgh2uAzVyBHgRB3Dxqn2RcqXTAhr8s7LyOjmRzEsXNNcq4h6yg9cWl-i9zsV6eAFMsj_ygKST-dvzrnM2AZabYXaZhgLFL_Ugd7opGhmqO3eRkW9lf2C3KQDV8_n9s8wi/w266-h320/1-Image-001.jpg" width="266" /></a></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>At Stratford Hall a<span style="color: red;"> </span><span style="color: red;">square and its lines </span>define the exterior dimensions; they sets the size of the wing from ground to ridge pole at the <span style="color: red;">top of the square (A)</span>. The <span style="color: red;">third points (B)</span> mark the height of the brick walls which is the location for the plate for the roof trusses. </p><p></p><p>The <span style="color: red;">lines </span>which divide the square into 4 equal section locate the width of the chimney stack - note <span style="color: red;">where they cross (C)</span> in the middle of the square.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnh-yGo4NReB1h7i8VkmM5bVRXhqU6Xst7urcsgOQuPus0wNwMzqJR3knQjD2i2D0awgWo9LqfwIsFPS_cOJRAAhxDeRbH1BOlf8z5B-mFcIetP1ruF-nABcnxVMFYEgewmhMZ5y_-2LzJQrlPksPDO8q5KSVFCAZ9wEMLcCMPVxJmfkv0136-pOo_7W0w/s1221/1-Image-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1221" data-original-width="1007" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnh-yGo4NReB1h7i8VkmM5bVRXhqU6Xst7urcsgOQuPus0wNwMzqJR3knQjD2i2D0awgWo9LqfwIsFPS_cOJRAAhxDeRbH1BOlf8z5B-mFcIetP1ruF-nABcnxVMFYEgewmhMZ5y_-2LzJQrlPksPDO8q5KSVFCAZ9wEMLcCMPVxJmfkv0136-pOo_7W0w/s320/1-Image-002.jpg" width="264" /></a></div> <p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The <span style="color: red;">lines of the square</span>, based on the width from the interior side of the brick walls, cross at the floor-to-floor height of the lower level<span style="color: red;"> (D)</span>. This dimension tells the mason where the joist pockets for the floor joists to carry the main floor should be located. <br /><br /> <br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB7gxol_9gMb60Ip-Pwa4X324X0HZeL60QHZe2cRB06VPQjZPd2g9ycXgxbPqlyxUdEeFhB6qV6sHzmoc12IFT7lh9fcZmdsec2bTM46t7WPcT77NEQHAHKLewTa9Y03By2OEY_je9bSSIDJIfIkP0h8c99FkLJkKauXVsmovBMwI6VqQDJJxL5ms2O5qN/s1511/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1511" data-original-width="1510" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB7gxol_9gMb60Ip-Pwa4X324X0HZeL60QHZe2cRB06VPQjZPd2g9ycXgxbPqlyxUdEeFhB6qV6sHzmoc12IFT7lh9fcZmdsec2bTM46t7WPcT77NEQHAHKLewTa9Y03By2OEY_je9bSSIDJIfIkP0h8c99FkLJkKauXVsmovBMwI6VqQDJJxL5ms2O5qN/w320-h320/1-Image.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>The central space of the house is the Hall, the place to gather and entertain. <i>See my previous post for floor plans.* </i></p><p>Here the <span style="color: red;">square</span> is based on the inside dimension: brick wall to brick wall, just as it was for the wings. </p><p><i>The geometry of the wings (the drawing above) applies here too: the location of the main floor and the height of the walls is the same. </i><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEWCquC_65aECkgOn-4SASPmW5rFDeDg0-4zrNZJg1OmLmdG5MOL0VR2NP1l0X-C4aw8uI6GNpQvpQthOQyEEGSnMgNCyUiBouXBN3Ih1GTijdXmn8fOkDyTks7-hgFcuJm5bH8T_n6b5ekDeMnSlJ_L0oNWfsbvkIndPCLfz-yTvcWGUrmmL-wk2rOWF2/s1647/1-Image%20(2)-004.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1647" data-original-width="1646" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEWCquC_65aECkgOn-4SASPmW5rFDeDg0-4zrNZJg1OmLmdG5MOL0VR2NP1l0X-C4aw8uI6GNpQvpQthOQyEEGSnMgNCyUiBouXBN3Ih1GTijdXmn8fOkDyTks7-hgFcuJm5bH8T_n6b5ekDeMnSlJ_L0oNWfsbvkIndPCLfz-yTvcWGUrmmL-wk2rOWF2/w320-h320/1-Image%20(2)-004.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The ceiling of the Hall is vaulted: a tray ceiling, sloped on all 4 sides. The height of the ceiling is not arbitrary but is determined by the height of the walls. <br /><p></p><p></p><p> A <span style="color: red;">red line</span> encloses the hall and its ceiling; <br /></p><p>The<b> scale</b> on the right side shows the wall height divided into <b>4 parts</b>. The height of the sloped part of the tray ceiling is <b>1 part</b>. </p><p><b>4 parts</b> = wall height, <b>5 parts</b> = floor to ceiling. </p><p>The Master Builder could have used the floor of the hall as a framing floor for this ceiling, making the height simple to calculate. </p><p><i>At this small size the diagram of the square and its lines gets messy. So I chose a different way to show the relationships. </i> <br /></p><p> </p><p>* My first post on Stratford Hall: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/06/stratford-hall-and-paul-buchanan.html</span><br /></p><p>** For a biography of William Walker see<span style="color: #2b00fe;"> https://chipstone.org/article.php/559/American-Furniture-2006.</span> He was a Scotsman, probably trained as a joiner and wright in Scotland, who immigrated to Virginia before 1730. He would have known of the work of James Gibbs and Colen Campbell. He might have known them. <br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw1h0Y18TIANOqj0YGxw1B9PPJiVBleQk87lSW0jE6TQPZvBiGMuWIEC0k1CorZ0Ut6g-iiqvbscZ3zxGyZNzpFOe0i_VfmB99i9-ZLzTvOEhLd3oqq9xNVF-KuVfU2EClFEUJArMd64MESuzlVtUl5ICGdkExCXu68gz5hg3kEaoqn8vy9kv_jIQzmKaJ/s1221/1-Image-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1221" data-original-width="1007" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw1h0Y18TIANOqj0YGxw1B9PPJiVBleQk87lSW0jE6TQPZvBiGMuWIEC0k1CorZ0Ut6g-iiqvbscZ3zxGyZNzpFOe0i_VfmB99i9-ZLzTvOEhLd3oqq9xNVF-KuVfU2EClFEUJArMd64MESuzlVtUl5ICGdkExCXu68gz5hg3kEaoqn8vy9kv_jIQzmKaJ/w165-h200/1-Image-002.jpg" width="165" /></a></div><br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-32114242399448386712023-06-13T15:15:00.008-04:002023-06-25T20:37:58.584-04:00Stratford Hall, Part I: Paul Buchanan's Ideas<p><span style="font-size: large;">This post is an introduction to my understanding of the geometry of Stratford Hall, the plantation and home of the Lees of Virginia for 4 generations beginning in 1736.<br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUhxax0bTfTdMbB_c8mfuwJAEcI7DoeL0HpZkUUDbwjlu3A8B1IegACPb7kEZWguBysAbosJ-3puBQujhDR-lMNUq00a5nnT9ELaCbr0OQFjtFtZved5PcW9NIynNKcUdniVst1xLsOW6IZSDYk4Er9bhpjtWDzZd1wMvqcERy8CAUnTkO6OvLPNFlQA/s384/1-IMG-8057.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="384" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUhxax0bTfTdMbB_c8mfuwJAEcI7DoeL0HpZkUUDbwjlu3A8B1IegACPb7kEZWguBysAbosJ-3puBQujhDR-lMNUq00a5nnT9ELaCbr0OQFjtFtZved5PcW9NIynNKcUdniVst1xLsOW6IZSDYk4Er9bhpjtWDzZd1wMvqcERy8CAUnTkO6OvLPNFlQA/s320/1-IMG-8057.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Here is the house as it looked this spring when I was there for 3 days. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">In the gift shop I found the book <u>Paul Buchanan Stratford Hall.</u>* Of course I bought it.<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The book </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">focuses on</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"> B</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">uchanan's </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> research at Stratford Hall from 1984-1993, after it introduces us to his </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"> historic preservation work at Colonial Williamsburg as well as other Great Houses in Virginia, including Gunston Hall.<br /></span></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitLA5XTFinngPRYsngYiVG14-R-ZPCF5xaJzxlCGYLAZhcUxVfSnMBXZoYGR2DVcBHled0n3KTD30e6VD_AofdsqsSIvUPM6bcRZbv9Ml1Z6MiZvNIjUbE0MpFGxy2TT5YSU2r0jqvVOgWIuz0AcvP--BOyjBge0ImiK-t63gPinu_mbixo84Gjiw1pg/s1870/2-Image%20(6).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1870" data-original-width="1869" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitLA5XTFinngPRYsngYiVG14-R-ZPCF5xaJzxlCGYLAZhcUxVfSnMBXZoYGR2DVcBHled0n3KTD30e6VD_AofdsqsSIvUPM6bcRZbv9Ml1Z6MiZvNIjUbE0MpFGxy2TT5YSU2r0jqvVOgWIuz0AcvP--BOyjBge0ImiK-t63gPinu_mbixo84Gjiw1pg/s320/2-Image%20(6).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkDRkPEBvvj14Ppt-9zpJtdv1wZvJkrVIN0-x356D-os3dIqIloM-QkGiEIKr3xSU4h8xiACswu2ewzsiXvcUl83OdVNKXcPY5lETdUL2F0XKo7ORVvtIeIs4bxrvZrmXiHU1OouuOKkFOKI0rxdJs45U5untpvsMYkp68XLvgscxK918FhV04kDV20Q/s1870/2-Image%20(6).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: large;">This image on page 14 is from one of Buchanan's favorite pattern books, <u>The London Tradesman</u>, by R. Campbell, published in London in 1747. <br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">I spotted the compass leaning against the beam, and the man to the far left, probably the builder, with his rod. That led me to the book which is available online. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">It is a fascinating review of the trades in mid-18th c. London. Geometry is listed, among others, as a necessary skill. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Chapter XXXI, Of Architect and those employ'd in that Branch,<i> </i>lists the skills men need to succeed in that profession. Campbell writes that an architect's<i> </i>"head (must be) Mathematically and Geometrically turn'd." and "Besides this Plan he generally forms a Model in Wood.<i>" </i>pages155<i>-</i>6</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">For a stone mason, <i>"</i>Geometry is absolutely necessary"<i>.</i> page158<i><br /></i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">For a carpenter: "He must understand as much Geometry as related to Measuration (the act of measuring) of Solids and Superficies (surface areas)". page 160</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">For a joiner: <i>"</i>His Business requires that he should be acquainted with Geometry and Measuration". page 161 <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Of course I wanted to understand how Buchanan applied this, what he knew about the geometric skills listed by Campbell.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I study how our ancestors used geometry as a practical tool for construction, as well as for design. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgna42wuoHJIm90zPvnP9l1vqOpM3puD1lK9QBO1lRZyN674ksnqll7DVW3W7680s0Oi2a9ZFVKxcLryuI_a-Kb0gIyZtKE2kBwz4WpAPR39hpqerb_rw0qMpFr0fNP8WfptkpRvG1rK0IemCNf--vKtpuhPqkHBHw9PRp4OV6Pn3zfVydbctKSQA-RKw/s1475/5-IMG-8465.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1329" data-original-width="1475" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgna42wuoHJIm90zPvnP9l1vqOpM3puD1lK9QBO1lRZyN674ksnqll7DVW3W7680s0Oi2a9ZFVKxcLryuI_a-Kb0gIyZtKE2kBwz4WpAPR39hpqerb_rw0qMpFr0fNP8WfptkpRvG1rK0IemCNf--vKtpuhPqkHBHw9PRp4OV6Pn3zfVydbctKSQA-RKw/s320/5-IMG-8465.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-size: large;">Using the HABS drawings for the house, done in 1969, Buchanan overlaid squares and a circle. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">His squares 'work': they fit. However they do not tell us much about how to build the house. They do not</span><span style="font-size: large;"> provide clear and simple information - </span><span style="font-size: large;">the layout of the plan, the size of the spaces and their relationship to each
other - </span><span style="font-size: large;">for the
Master Builder who, at Stratford Hall, was William Walker.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtkRywvB-v4FW-lzTB-qezjcnc7gui4Sxr026UY-mROtM0K_DzqPmAFltqPX_aHpmht-kmcIqY7qXsHbUSZP6XfoTKEsfkJC1qQ6Iz93Fu2xIOQJWY1pfUV2pYKMb0fSHU6ZwW7oPIkDXjcwMWMXhVp7Ui2noc8utLDJeqDpG79GYNwrh_0ni5Nx_PQ/s669/4-IMG-8497.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="669" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtkRywvB-v4FW-lzTB-qezjcnc7gui4Sxr026UY-mROtM0K_DzqPmAFltqPX_aHpmht-kmcIqY7qXsHbUSZP6XfoTKEsfkJC1qQ6Iz93Fu2xIOQJWY1pfUV2pYKMb0fSHU6ZwW7oPIkDXjcwMWMXhVp7Ui2noc8utLDJeqDpG79GYNwrh_0ni5Nx_PQ/s320/4-IMG-8497.jpg" width="320" /></a> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">I used the width of the wings as the dimension of a square to lay out the foundation plan using <b><span style="color: red;">5 squares.</span></b>
The middle square is centered between the 2 wings. The foundation would
have been easy to layout with compasses, and a rod, both of which are
in Campbell's illustration.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Twine, also essential, is not in the illustration. Maybe it was too skinny - just a line. (A deliberate pun: twine marks the 'Line' - as in 'chalk line'- which the builder needs in order to build.) <br /></i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIr5JWpn-UqNPQSq7IXwXoVGdRBeYA4RvY9I-MjvOi6lJKAgrOAxLrOGzXMbg0axWyq1WAD9le72LOSiQsiJ4Cq8NQ9ma9quuVxfYq9Crn5GGmvQSADy7mCPm_ZIAr8zAtgZrPVeDEY4AYRKSfmw06BmHSeRYYlTLeRFcrbnzrpPjXd-0U_Lj-F0uLDg/s579/3-IMG-8504.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="501" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIr5JWpn-UqNPQSq7IXwXoVGdRBeYA4RvY9I-MjvOi6lJKAgrOAxLrOGzXMbg0axWyq1WAD9le72LOSiQsiJ4Cq8NQ9ma9quuVxfYq9Crn5GGmvQSADy7mCPm_ZIAr8zAtgZrPVeDEY4AYRKSfmw06BmHSeRYYlTLeRFcrbnzrpPjXd-0U_Lj-F0uLDg/w314-h363/3-IMG-8504.jpg" width="314" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-size: large;">Here is the width of the east wing used as the radius for a <b><span style="color: red;">circle, drawn in red. </span></b>The 6 points of the circle locate the square, <b>drawn here in black</b>. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">I drew this for the readers of this post who might not know how a daisy wheel can be used. In the process I saw that the foundations for the fireplaces are also located, <b>see the black dashed line. </b><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">For an introduction to the use of a daisy wheel see: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2023/01/geometry-in-construction-practical.html</span> <br /><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">* <u>Paul Buchanan Stratford Hall and Other Architectural Studies, </u>copyright 1998, </span><span style="font-size: large;">Robert E. Lee Memorial Association, Inc. Stratford Hall Foundation, Stratford, VA.<br /></span></p><p></p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-size: large;"> <br /></span><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br /></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-12586984349285371682023-06-07T13:23:00.004-04:002023-06-23T20:48:34.568-04:00 That daisy wheel you found? Please trace it for me. <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6MrIdnCIoDUrf4zMUXX7s9egd2RoZXHaY242XBHiuP9F8Rnh0Sr0pjjY4NfLW_yfGyXPHwcEWBo26TdAs1dinKKLk92jx26fpsU3Bqj5HY8i2tmDgsVbqSBpmkkuJSoiA2OmpGav_BvvKCQ06ufK-HpaQCGrUiSR8BsdT3ic1LEDBWTIVMDqq5chfGg/s1221/IMG-1052.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1221" data-original-width="1153" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6MrIdnCIoDUrf4zMUXX7s9egd2RoZXHaY242XBHiuP9F8Rnh0Sr0pjjY4NfLW_yfGyXPHwcEWBo26TdAs1dinKKLk92jx26fpsU3Bqj5HY8i2tmDgsVbqSBpmkkuJSoiA2OmpGav_BvvKCQ06ufK-HpaQCGrUiSR8BsdT3ic1LEDBWTIVMDqq5chfGg/w124-h131/IMG-1052.jpg" width="124" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">If you found a daisy wheel scribed on an old building, please trace it, copy it, and send me the full scale image with a note about where it was found, on what kind of building. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">I want to compare daisy wheels and </span><span style="font-size: medium;">measure their diameters</span><span style="font-size: medium;">. Here's why. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The d</span><span style="font-size: medium;">aisy
wheels we find today were scribed with a compass on</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> posts, on</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> beams, sheathing, walls: a
circle with 6 points, 6 petals, evenly spaced, drawn using the radius of
the circle.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">200 years ago they were a practical tool for layout and
design, simple geometry, easy to use and true - accurate - in a world without fixed dimensions. Standardized dimensions came with interchangeable parts which we didn't need until the Industrial Revolution. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Daisy wheels </span><span style="font-size: medium;">have been noted and copied</span><span style="font-size: medium;">. Rarely have we measured their diameters. Are the diameters of daisy wheels a scale, just as the notation- <b>1/4"=1'O"</b> - is a scale? Maybe, But I can't tell from only 3 examples. I need to check a lot more! <br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9BQQKpxJIDbpIh0n0-U1g0UZYLodn1F62HiLiJyACWjiO_WhbU8olagoyHBGdJkp3cb9DC83UPevFGHXTe71xbbkKEwU2csjwrSdTHWep0RmfCiaN_O0ic-EXviVSEMIxAMxMspUdxTf2-wxrtYQvYXEOq-h-LHddBNPKbAxLKD1b0xVD82GkLHrLpw/s1171/1-IMG-8647.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1167" data-original-width="1171" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9BQQKpxJIDbpIh0n0-U1g0UZYLodn1F62HiLiJyACWjiO_WhbU8olagoyHBGdJkp3cb9DC83UPevFGHXTe71xbbkKEwU2csjwrSdTHWep0RmfCiaN_O0ic-EXviVSEMIxAMxMspUdxTf2-wxrtYQvYXEOq-h-LHddBNPKbAxLKD1b0xVD82GkLHrLpw/w200-h199/1-IMG-8647.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;">This is my daisy wheel and its 9 ft. long board. It was part of an outbuilding of a barn in Vermont.</span><span style="font-size: medium;">The
center of the wheel is 46" from the floor, a good height for </span><span style="font-size: medium;">a
workman setting his basic dimension for his compass width (the diameter of the daisy wheel) as
he began work and checking it as he needed throughout the day. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">It was also useful information for
those who came later, expanding or repairing the farm complex. <br /></span></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;">My daisy wheel was easy to find. However, many are discovered in obscure places, on beams and roof sheathing. As a frame was cut that piece of the frame (usually sheathing) was a notice board. When the frame was raised, the wheel had served its purpose. The sheathing however, cut by hand and water power, was too valuable to discard. It became part of the frame.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixI__ZvbURa3S9tTJRBjLx0zmlkK5wrOIRKR13-kv6Rpn-laJiQWUrpZFzLfmSdrFp2Yxaa1m-MnwUSwts0-wGuLtLZsrPDKHt0O63TpJ4ufWPvYxd0_mhM5-CiFHzzUlsZBPoi5QZdgg4WpsY3ZXCdgGWREyx1J1AjKnyR9aMmsJldeeougyoOiGWjA/s1502/2-frame%20GMTF%202.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1502" data-original-width="1499" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixI__ZvbURa3S9tTJRBjLx0zmlkK5wrOIRKR13-kv6Rpn-laJiQWUrpZFzLfmSdrFp2Yxaa1m-MnwUSwts0-wGuLtLZsrPDKHt0O63TpJ4ufWPvYxd0_mhM5-CiFHzzUlsZBPoi5QZdgg4WpsY3ZXCdgGWREyx1J1AjKnyR9aMmsJldeeougyoOiGWjA/w181-h182/2-frame%20GMTF%202.jpg" width="181" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">This daisy wheel was on roof sheathing of a barn in upstate New York, built c. 1795. Unlike the daisy wheel above (which has deep holes at its center and at the outer points of the petals as they meet the circumference of the circle) this wheel is cleaner, probably used only for this barn, not the larger barn complex around it. <br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRzGU6Mg9xvfUIkidHVlrOmlLwzQaGJ6QdR19EHMZR-QewgQirJVTJ2-J1POePOsyuyWU0s4ZUHhk27bZsPuUVZl_fS2zTZE_geYQDa-cFg1MurC1BWNdVjty0BvnIwe9qdKuXGohTyJ8FRqc47t0bun5Yj1a7f0-Jp7OjE02blLTKnuoHR2IeoLviYA/s886/1-IMG-8545.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="886" data-original-width="817" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRzGU6Mg9xvfUIkidHVlrOmlLwzQaGJ6QdR19EHMZR-QewgQirJVTJ2-J1POePOsyuyWU0s4ZUHhk27bZsPuUVZl_fS2zTZE_geYQDa-cFg1MurC1BWNdVjty0BvnIwe9qdKuXGohTyJ8FRqc47t0bun5Yj1a7f0-Jp7OjE02blLTKnuoHR2IeoLviYA/w184-h200/1-IMG-8545.jpg" width="184" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Here is a tracing of it. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Both of these daisy wheels measure 8" + a smidgen. The depth and age of the scribe's grove makes precision difficult. However: 8.25" x 2 = 16.5". 16.5" x12 is a rod, 16.5 feet. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The rods laid out by stepping off these 2 daisy wheels' diameters might differ from each other by several inches. But each frame would be consistent within itself.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><p></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>A
rod was a common dimension in England. It was also called a 'pole' and a
'perch'. Land surveyors still measure land in rods today. </i></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGifqdYe9dHZ8OjQGF5FGVq4js1obNiZiXuKU5nAE-j8Qw4MsjvCRQ7dWCuvt5oxxQVteo3oE3DG6NF4inNqVTEY14yYIcclibv-WFtKIx2EW1RLCkig91b_4YcvX2t0LTBjSda1OwATKk9xVep6X_IpWt2mtrFTfwWcR4L2RU1hAGv1qUA0AQyOwW4Q/s3026/1-IMG_7118.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3026" data-original-width="3017" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGifqdYe9dHZ8OjQGF5FGVq4js1obNiZiXuKU5nAE-j8Qw4MsjvCRQ7dWCuvt5oxxQVteo3oE3DG6NF4inNqVTEY14yYIcclibv-WFtKIx2EW1RLCkig91b_4YcvX2t0LTBjSda1OwATKk9xVep6X_IpWt2mtrFTfwWcR4L2RU1hAGv1qUA0AQyOwW4Q/w181-h182/1-IMG_7118.JPG" width="181" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">This daisy wheel is on the interior side of the sheathing on the second floor of the Gedney House in Salem, Massachusetts, built in 1665, expanded in 1712, and 1800, The house is now owned by Historic New England. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6wDX8BbaEazxa30smBXSZHFf4gZmdMrV__n3EyCtCpQ0L_Ut0TcX00lxljsj6HGQvgfedFhNoBSrUZSuUvsax9YMyQhrfG4Hjjid6IwzUDx-VRJO4-oQQG0bAbcwsXjB1GVDeZuGMMWLnvpzIkrk2Ckb9B2OLWbWXy_DzIMuaLdkW9K2vtbJG5B3EXA/s1513/3-IMG_E7118.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1513" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6wDX8BbaEazxa30smBXSZHFf4gZmdMrV__n3EyCtCpQ0L_Ut0TcX00lxljsj6HGQvgfedFhNoBSrUZSuUvsax9YMyQhrfG4Hjjid6IwzUDx-VRJO4-oQQG0bAbcwsXjB1GVDeZuGMMWLnvpzIkrk2Ckb9B2OLWbWXy_DzIMuaLdkW9K2vtbJG5B3EXA/w175-h173/3-IMG_E7118.JPG" width="175" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> The daisy wheel is quite small. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXWt9cQhZuCqvzZdZ2pTVgKWbK_mvyhg7ybCDggmTKa1QJ_en6UqqDuVwSyHkufQo7mRRG8WuXzHen-FiJBCF0RvzPlBy4aC3sCx2X_kibquv5FhO157R3HqyVRqkoUFnQ4FKm2oeW9GU9aGtVfFLxdcX7wvQikagnz2bwb3K1GNm1zvkLlOVSnr3MKg/s591/IMG-8547.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="591" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXWt9cQhZuCqvzZdZ2pTVgKWbK_mvyhg7ybCDggmTKa1QJ_en6UqqDuVwSyHkufQo7mRRG8WuXzHen-FiJBCF0RvzPlBy4aC3sCx2X_kibquv5FhO157R3HqyVRqkoUFnQ4FKm2oeW9GU9aGtVfFLxdcX7wvQikagnz2bwb3K1GNm1zvkLlOVSnr3MKg/w174-h164/IMG-8547.jpg" width="174" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Its diameter is 5.5". 5.5" x 3 = 16.5". 16.5" x 12 = a rod.<br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The
neat, small ones which we find may be the signature of a trained master
carpenter or mason. Laurie Smith (English Geometer, 1936- 2021) showed me one carved into a stone mantle. He had found that the geometry governed the design and was also probably a signature. </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje2TjpwspvW1ZAszUfdUyAIO7C3rVG40cdW7Ey9VCpRjw-k5nSxbt29j7w-b2xqzPypImf-ozklVDsVV8JUSVdYkb4gvIhhOpZ_KjWYDDRefx4uD3ZmU1aeQ3R0iUhoGAINHHCR_Ab4G4EpfhNUp_ri1xVqwaR6o5vSOey08VqMKvEjcYisEzSBrnMqw/s886/1-IMG-8011-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="886" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje2TjpwspvW1ZAszUfdUyAIO7C3rVG40cdW7Ey9VCpRjw-k5nSxbt29j7w-b2xqzPypImf-ozklVDsVV8JUSVdYkb4gvIhhOpZ_KjWYDDRefx4uD3ZmU1aeQ3R0iUhoGAINHHCR_Ab4G4EpfhNUp_ri1xVqwaR6o5vSOey08VqMKvEjcYisEzSBrnMqw/w175-h156/1-IMG-8011-1.jpg" width="175" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><p></p><p></p><span style="font-size: medium;">This one comes from the Beatty-Cramer House in Maryland.The wheel diameter is 3". It and the 'eye' below it might be Masonic symbols of God and Truth, as geometry was known to be true. The understanding that geometry is 'true' was not part of my high school geometry class. I learned that from carpenters.<br /> </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifFjsjX_ghUI2UpnKZ9Vr1F_bUGrixvg9ZkoqmPC2RXpeVM8FEpF1rlDIbOKLD2osLfCoIgeIBoFx_Nn1NejHaEA5XV1wAAZ5pnc7wSvnbOE8a0m8zcVFPjInIUjIZwWwA-ftIiViTbO656ATezvlCweEUT9N0JJd43585owKMJEHUpGOm4kwOIY0OoY0y/s1063/IMG-8649.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1063" data-original-width="802" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifFjsjX_ghUI2UpnKZ9Vr1F_bUGrixvg9ZkoqmPC2RXpeVM8FEpF1rlDIbOKLD2osLfCoIgeIBoFx_Nn1NejHaEA5XV1wAAZ5pnc7wSvnbOE8a0m8zcVFPjInIUjIZwWwA-ftIiViTbO656ATezvlCweEUT9N0JJd43585owKMJEHUpGOm4kwOIY0OoY0y/w131-h174/IMG-8649.jpg" width="131" /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Palladio wrote c.1570 </span><span style="font-size: medium;">that he would use the diameter of a column as his 'module', his measure for his work. Here's his drawing: </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The column is a circle. It is laid out with a compass, Its diameter, stepped off using a compass, is the module: it measures the distance between the columns. </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The scribed daisy wheels that we find today are also modules.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQMLuZSiBlcKp8Cp2r-GLFhT3K1-UaLxmO4AhITlwVzXcWJga0q6FEzVBtk6oIIx5aLsE-ypSpNPV71Z0-pTLQMbDAr8t3D4GPDF_bnU9NId4FFc888YbVJ2lFPZ4WssRqnJ5CYADP1ArpjGzURrxDzJW8C_RGnqBs5SQrD4pA7WqUnU3bGzAleI50cN1R/s683/IMG-8650.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="559" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQMLuZSiBlcKp8Cp2r-GLFhT3K1-UaLxmO4AhITlwVzXcWJga0q6FEzVBtk6oIIx5aLsE-ypSpNPV71Z0-pTLQMbDAr8t3D4GPDF_bnU9NId4FFc888YbVJ2lFPZ4WssRqnJ5CYADP1ArpjGzURrxDzJW8C_RGnqBs5SQrD4pA7WqUnU3bGzAleI50cN1R/w124-h151/IMG-8650.jpg" width="124" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Here he is, holding his compass.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br /></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">So - if you know of a daisy wheel, can trace it, and send the tracing to me, please let me know. Thanks.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Daisy
wheels are said to be apotropaic. However I have not yet read a record
made by someone of the period noting the deliberate addition of a daisy
wheel to a building to ward off evil. I am skeptical.</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p></p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-18627742102975823892023-04-17T15:20:00.002-04:002023-04-17T15:20:51.242-04:00Bibliography for the Preservation Carpentry Program, the North Bennet Street School, 2023<p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">This April, the Preservation Carpentry students at the North Bennet Street School in Boston and I explored the use of geometry in construction: Practical Geometry. </span></div><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQpGSFGKDWFXDnCS1Tvba61WsthqLCBbunz4O174vcLjd5RpEllktTHtYoFmWhySNzkDevm_woxI2H-8g84uqE7Bz_CNA8kjkqHwcckN6CGydBd5dfEWeMbFTQ6yJzFTsuLN9198YaihxI5uCQN4kTUrA65JbSfMA7HUAwsVTGIbozmkywyNasNPFCbA/s1958/1-IMG-8308.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1958" data-original-width="1492" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQpGSFGKDWFXDnCS1Tvba61WsthqLCBbunz4O174vcLjd5RpEllktTHtYoFmWhySNzkDevm_woxI2H-8g84uqE7Bz_CNA8kjkqHwcckN6CGydBd5dfEWeMbFTQ6yJzFTsuLN9198YaihxI5uCQN4kTUrA65JbSfMA7HUAwsVTGIbozmkywyNasNPFCbA/w342-h448/1-IMG-8308.jpg" width="342" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">We practiced drawing circles, rectangles, floor plans and window layouts with a compass and straight edge. I gave a PowerPoint introduction on the historic use of geometry. The students asked good questions. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">We often referred to the books I had with me. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">I had not made a list of those books, a bibliography. The students </span><span style="font-size: large;">asked for one. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Here it is. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: large;"> Bibliography for the Preservation Carpentry Program, NBBS, 2023</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: large;"> *** **** ***** ***** **** *** </span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></p><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Benjamin, Asher</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The Country Builder’s Assistant,</u> 1797,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dickman,
printer, Greenfield, MA</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> – </b><span>reprint by Applewood Books, Bedford, MA.<u><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </span></b></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>*</span></span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></span><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span>The American Builder’s
Companion</span></span></u><span><u>,</u> 6<sup>th</sup> edition, 1827, RP
&C Williams, Boston </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Biddle, Owen.</b> *<u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Young Carpenter’s Assistant</span></u><b><u>,</u></b> 1805, published
by Benjamin Johnson, Philadelphia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Downes, Kerry</b>, <u>Sir Christopher Wren: The design of St. Paul's Cathedral,</u> 1988, Trefoil Publication1805,s, Ltd., London<br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Gibbs, James</b>. *<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Book on Architecture</u></span>, London, 1728</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b>Langley, Batty</b>, <u>The Builder's Director or Bench-Mate,</u> 1751, printed for and sold by H.Piers, London </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br /></div></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Nicholson, Peter</b>. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The Carpenter’s New Guide</u></span>, 1793, London;
10<sup>th</sup> ed., Philadelphia, 1830.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Pain, William</b>, <u>The Practical Builder,</u> London, 1774.<br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Palladio, Andreas.</b> *<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The 4 Books of Architecture</u></span>, 1570,
translated and published by Isaac Ware,London, 1738.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Serlio, Sebastian</b>. <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">On</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Architecture</span></u>,
Lyon, France 1530, translated in1611, on-line.Translated
by Vaughan Hart and Peter Hicks, 1996, Yale University Press, New Haven</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"> <b>*</b><u>Serlio on Domestic Architecture</u>, 1978, MIT Press, Cambridge,MA, and the Architectural Foundation, NY; Dover Publication.<br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Shaw, Edward</b>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> *</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The Modern Architect</u></span>, Dayton &
Wentworth, Boston, 1854</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Smith, Laurie</b>,** <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Geometrical Design of St. David’s
Cathedral Nave Ceiling, </span></u></span><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></u><span>2017;</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"> <b></b><u>Architectural Geometry A Rare Geometrical Record from Rural Devon,</u> 2020; </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"> <u> The Geometrical Design Of Harmondsworth Great Barn</u>, 2021; published by The Geometric Design Works in partnership with the UK Carpenters' Fellowship, printed Exeter, UK. <br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Vitruvius, Marcus.</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> *</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The Ten Books on Architecture</u></span><u>,</u> c. 10
BCE, translated by Morris Hicky Morgan, Harvard University Press, 1914.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Walker, George and Tolpin, Jim</b>,<b> </b><u>By Hound and Eye, A Plain and Easy Guide to Designing Furniture with no Further </u><u>Trouble</u>, 2015, Lost Art Press, Fort Mitchell, KY.<br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Ware, William R.</b> *<u>The American Vignola,</u> 1903 <br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"> * reprint available through Dover Publications<br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"> ** I act as a US distributor for Laurie Smith's books. I buy them in batches which makes the postage reasonable. Please contact me if you would like to purchase one.</span><br /></div><p></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-59193713392257355412023-04-01T15:56:00.003-04:002023-04-02T21:41:43.439-04:00Serlio Studies a Roman Temple <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj72K5PQg1epZB93CL4M4Go7yM38bZdbeeJXUdODwV8L4aDLf0IbqHckudyzQN347uyb2-1FTx0AKenrhXSGZB2vHXlQ97GQCxo_SemlHaB_R3uuQtOLGJOzs21lBvziKyPDdG-G1ixRInzlLKPQxmslkDx_G9OARW4vlhWgmdOnaEiYFBIjf7nawj4vA/s1537/1-IMG_E6212.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1537" data-original-width="1201" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj72K5PQg1epZB93CL4M4Go7yM38bZdbeeJXUdODwV8L4aDLf0IbqHckudyzQN347uyb2-1FTx0AKenrhXSGZB2vHXlQ97GQCxo_SemlHaB_R3uuQtOLGJOzs21lBvziKyPDdG-G1ixRInzlLKPQxmslkDx_G9OARW4vlhWgmdOnaEiYFBIjf7nawj4vA/w318-h408/1-IMG_E6212.JPG" width="318" /></a></div><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjHcbv3ukAbVNFK1t4s4yWmnhNEOiN2DNuoAbgno4KCg1QtEUHWOckeZasWrbL6HBCvdMeYjQMHzMy_Vaa4SuGdiaSDpHpBdyBmcBzBwISKmqOl8aJv0F0WQEL7rxO66HexY0b45QlXLcne5T_Y33KzfbynCK-WULNsFIMr71x5N0rJlsmk1dzHEmlxQ/s1332/IMG_E6224.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjHcbv3ukAbVNFK1t4s4yWmnhNEOiN2DNuoAbgno4KCg1QtEUHWOckeZasWrbL6HBCvdMeYjQMHzMy_Vaa4SuGdiaSDpHpBdyBmcBzBwISKmqOl8aJv0F0WQEL7rxO66HexY0b45QlXLcne5T_Y33KzfbynCK-WULNsFIMr71x5N0rJlsmk1dzHEmlxQ/s1332/IMG_E6224.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjHcbv3ukAbVNFK1t4s4yWmnhNEOiN2DNuoAbgno4KCg1QtEUHWOckeZasWrbL6HBCvdMeYjQMHzMy_Vaa4SuGdiaSDpHpBdyBmcBzBwISKmqOl8aJv0F0WQEL7rxO66HexY0b45QlXLcne5T_Y33KzfbynCK-WULNsFIMr71x5N0rJlsmk1dzHEmlxQ/s1332/IMG_E6224.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="1332" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjHcbv3ukAbVNFK1t4s4yWmnhNEOiN2DNuoAbgno4KCg1QtEUHWOckeZasWrbL6HBCvdMeYjQMHzMy_Vaa4SuGdiaSDpHpBdyBmcBzBwISKmqOl8aJv0F0WQEL7rxO66HexY0b45QlXLcne5T_Y33KzfbynCK-WULNsFIMr71x5N0rJlsmk1dzHEmlxQ/s320/IMG_E6224.JPG" width="320" /></a></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Sebastiano Serlio, 1475-1554, wrote 7 books 'On Architecture and Perspective' .</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">A contemporary of Palladio and Vignola, he spent much of his career in France working for King Francois I. The first part of his treatise was published in 1537.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Here he is with his compass.</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The cover of Book I includes this drawing of builders' tools across the bottom, including a tetrahedron and a cube with diagonals, squares and circles on its face, in the right corner.* <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">What's the cube about? I didn't know, but I am beginning to find out. </span></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNqezVFCYOseWWkXGSwPbEIwyexh2tmgAFbnVRfs6dyeBTg0jiFFcd2JeyB_WdA-FXq0KC_l4NEtBysR_P1xs6X8Za6Bup1rm4tu3aX6kIAJ5F5VXBZXwTfq5a86BgwJjvCZfrTi_NKSw0onTCiQwltPMQzZx7dZT7FPflgQOMpc9mpzZDx_JE02tV7w/s3300/1-Image%20(2)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3300" data-original-width="2550" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNqezVFCYOseWWkXGSwPbEIwyexh2tmgAFbnVRfs6dyeBTg0jiFFcd2JeyB_WdA-FXq0KC_l4NEtBysR_P1xs6X8Za6Bup1rm4tu3aX6kIAJ5F5VXBZXwTfq5a86BgwJjvCZfrTi_NKSw0onTCiQwltPMQzZx7dZT7FPflgQOMpc9mpzZDx_JE02tV7w/w318-h413/1-Image%20(2)-002.jpg" width="318" /></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Book III, On Antiquities includes the illustration and measured plan of this temple outside of Rome, now thought to be the Sepulchre of the Cercenni. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">He writes that it was "built partly of brick, partly of marble and to a large extent ruinous."</span></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrk_vkqxeISaDMZx5Wc1563RptfchTqxD1jxiHw-v4bmigyfqI604_ahozkxaG8nFEihL_TEzZXxisOZCSfIDZ9617pozpWtEyxWSZwfD8QN_R9YDo6uE3FIoRefCHzYver7feOW4BdJcwb0TGA8qgTprTeoW88IiOvD1iftJryWILkzELd-j3YMMw-g/s903/1-3-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="858" data-original-width="903" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrk_vkqxeISaDMZx5Wc1563RptfchTqxD1jxiHw-v4bmigyfqI604_ahozkxaG8nFEihL_TEzZXxisOZCSfIDZ9617pozpWtEyxWSZwfD8QN_R9YDo6uE3FIoRefCHzYver7feOW4BdJcwb0TGA8qgTprTeoW88IiOvD1iftJryWILkzELd-j3YMMw-g/w301-h286/1-3-Image%20(2).jpg" width="301" /></a></div><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">To read the geometry look at </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">1) the square, its diagonals which mark the outside of the temple including the bays;<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">2) the circle which fits within the square which mark the corners of the temple itself;<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">3) the square which fits within the circle locating the outside of the walls.</span><br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXqo6NfZttrANZxrKjGi64c-HQqLse0v14kuCc9qZtZhZc2r0YnNhujUZh0yXuNV-2a20_IJV-Zqi5UvoQK-VSdoAzTFuFwjTDWEdTPRYWhMWb8FCN1E0BZc4a0QClIzb3d5Ef12FUNhXq3trNEkKJF3cF9Lh1dCRtMi_p6GdPjOR-SYNfv3FgRoIwYQ/s1746/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1746" data-original-width="1745" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXqo6NfZttrANZxrKjGi64c-HQqLse0v14kuCc9qZtZhZc2r0YnNhujUZh0yXuNV-2a20_IJV-Zqi5UvoQK-VSdoAzTFuFwjTDWEdTPRYWhMWb8FCN1E0BZc4a0QClIzb3d5Ef12FUNhXq3trNEkKJF3cF9Lh1dCRtMi_p6GdPjOR-SYNfv3FgRoIwYQ/s320/1-Image.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: medium;"> <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Rotate the first square 90* to make an 8 pointed star. The intersections of the stars points mark the outside corners of the bays.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The inner square (barely visible in <span style="color: red;">red</span>) was not used. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJdnyVhXIvtMp7o7yNy4RQU0XFmKPjw8ZD1N7Tsnl_57hS94l2Pt-OzOs3OFZBI5vuUC3p1koR9soj8yFz9KkF9taOXZVWRfuxw8jNeDeimkmNDp_dU-rJnfUcozMepYQDJcTs2rOe0nf8gTfsGbw4l6HASJW8Ywe5Bi4jBDLl1hSnRSNPyFRQmkNJQQ/s1182/3-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1177" data-original-width="1182" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJdnyVhXIvtMp7o7yNy4RQU0XFmKPjw8ZD1N7Tsnl_57hS94l2Pt-OzOs3OFZBI5vuUC3p1koR9soj8yFz9KkF9taOXZVWRfuxw8jNeDeimkmNDp_dU-rJnfUcozMepYQDJcTs2rOe0nf8gTfsGbw4l6HASJW8Ywe5Bi4jBDLl1hSnRSNPyFRQmkNJQQ/w200-h199/3-Image.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"> <br /></span></div><p><span style="font-size: large;">Here is the how the master mason could have used geometry to lay out the plan on site.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The <span style="color: red;">red square</span> was probably the beginning. It is the foot print for the walls.Then the diagonals, the circle around it, and the next square were added. These set the depth of the bays.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvQfR1cCKUL1nptwDVPhwLVZ8kG0uKCyVKq-asNwpckMaS0eXuMzlogUScZimhLhuhxQsJnX55F8lpEJN8uzqtde8MFCP7OS0s1m4QqjeZj-0h3Rn5ffdtzHYENuXzeRU5Of5WYF9dsQzs6pKaivPvMRc9Fr2kMvjq3fM2x7OXoSE5xzuydWqFGQpQyg/s1591/2-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1585" data-original-width="1591" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvQfR1cCKUL1nptwDVPhwLVZ8kG0uKCyVKq-asNwpckMaS0eXuMzlogUScZimhLhuhxQsJnX55F8lpEJN8uzqtde8MFCP7OS0s1m4QqjeZj-0h3Rn5ffdtzHYENuXzeRU5Of5WYF9dsQzs6pKaivPvMRc9Fr2kMvjq3fM2x7OXoSE5xzuydWqFGQpQyg/w200-h199/2-Image%20(2).jpg" width="200" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Next the <span style="color: red;">outer square </span><span>was</span><span style="color: red;"> rotated</span>. It crossed the large square at <span style="color: red;">8 points</span>. Those points when <span style="color: red;">joined </span>laid out the width of the bays.</span><br /></p><br /><p><br /></p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWjABn-3qFAOuzL52lJV-1WCUfjpmujPlq0MebnWoyofrlCbisMgB_FxR42PYNfzc4NlmYW8975YoRprZog_yWw2ndJ-BxrLf8UxEQFgY3ZuwJU6e80ViI36scRs3bhl4mkzYiWUCdJAGYZaXDj325Ja6h4IHkZu_I6ZEBfAv2tGyDBSEXhMeIeClKdg/s1573/1-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1573" data-original-width="1566" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWjABn-3qFAOuzL52lJV-1WCUfjpmujPlq0MebnWoyofrlCbisMgB_FxR42PYNfzc4NlmYW8975YoRprZog_yWw2ndJ-BxrLf8UxEQFgY3ZuwJU6e80ViI36scRs3bhl4mkzYiWUCdJAGYZaXDj325Ja6h4IHkZu_I6ZEBfAv2tGyDBSEXhMeIeClKdg/w199-h200/1-Image%20(3).jpg" width="199" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The lines set the perimeter of the plan. The mason had his foundation plan and could set his lines.</span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9amLbotmcee7zTuMC4LugJehYtYmTv4bNhsa7YRhNUSI84mvQaMDUdNgOCozDY5x9D1RjZ4oWVqpy8Q_e4RoONt9Q5MwypeuQk2pGMLYtab52xs4Dp-AgtzayxrMLKAdO9bMFURynCTIccdJKjfZmczuEhMUngGqsKRJyptXeGu3hSJsga6MWtOgLFA/s2508/2-1-Image%20(2)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2496" data-original-width="2508" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9amLbotmcee7zTuMC4LugJehYtYmTv4bNhsa7YRhNUSI84mvQaMDUdNgOCozDY5x9D1RjZ4oWVqpy8Q_e4RoONt9Q5MwypeuQk2pGMLYtab52xs4Dp-AgtzayxrMLKAdO9bMFURynCTIccdJKjfZmczuEhMUngGqsKRJyptXeGu3hSJsga6MWtOgLFA/w275-h273/2-1-Image%20(2)-002.jpg" width="275" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: large;"> I usually find that the interior geometry of a masonry building is laid out from the inner side of the walls. This is practical: reaching over the walls with lines would not have been easy nor accurate. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The square and its circle neatly locate the columns which support the vaulting. </span><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">* Serlio is my favorite writer/architect from the Italian Renaissance. I have posted about him in this blog several times. The cover of his Book I included the tools he and his contemporaries used: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">www.jgrarchitect.com/2020/08/lesson-6-rule-of-thirds-part-2-serlio.html</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Try this one too: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2022/10/serlios-lines.html<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> His books are listed in my bibliography : <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2019/06/bibliography-includiung-websites.html</span></span><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><br /><p><br /></p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAl3oMo69nB_7v_WWVGvMgF8Ny__kqG-dYEi2l2uGpJTOmiJK-3jrWXdsE0ZZ0HZvLnGQckB4KN0xxWRHJSWpRCJa0euh9ZhIUDsrYHSMAIaToQYNBMTAMZdY1U8ygMwP4LwDjqXrAE_91nB_TfaMEWzbSsWkgNUw0VIMJsY4uPxrm_RSL17-tJz17qA/s2489/1-Image%20(7).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"> </a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAl3oMo69nB_7v_WWVGvMgF8Ny__kqG-dYEi2l2uGpJTOmiJK-3jrWXdsE0ZZ0HZvLnGQckB4KN0xxWRHJSWpRCJa0euh9ZhIUDsrYHSMAIaToQYNBMTAMZdY1U8ygMwP4LwDjqXrAE_91nB_TfaMEWzbSsWkgNUw0VIMJsY4uPxrm_RSL17-tJz17qA/s2489/1-Image%20(7).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"> </a><br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-42027388899856470132023-02-02T10:14:00.012-05:002023-02-06T15:44:02.466-05:00Practical Geometry at Mud University, Cambridge, NY, March 3-4<div><div><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><b> </b></span></div><div><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><b>ANNOUNCEMENT</b></span></div><div><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><b> </b></span></div><div><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><b> </b></span>I'm giving a class on <b>Practical Geometry </b>at <b>Mud University</b>, in Cambridge, NY, on March 3-4, 2023. Their website is at the end of this post.*<br /><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></div><div style="text-align: right;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto"><div class="x1iorvi4 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 x1l90r2v" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xdj266r x126k92a"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Just in time for mud season! Come learn about <b>practical geometry</b> at Mud University. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">FREE and FUN! With a <span></span>fabulous instructor: me. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"> Anyone who's curious is welcome, no math or drawing skill needed.</span> <b><br /></b></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><b> </b></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><b>March 3, First meeting</b>: I will introduce geometry as practical knowledge well understood until about 1950. We will use compasses to layout daisy wheels.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><b>March 4, Second meeting:</b> we will draw the patterns, hands-on, with compasses.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnbIsBA8x58gUAqAH0kLUFeo73GYLB3duGEShb0I0oIqzknNfnLaTs8Mdxmxrmgx1XiihqTIA3TG9ku7ycER3o7ofO8HsO8z7xV7lqoz0u7169sWP7F4CxVvdASd6Rc2WCSc2Z4ucH6sHaJGmJN9jwUmVH1qZDp7rX85__VnhrofQfPfdxhnX9kvt_-Q/s1159/1-Image-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="969" data-original-width="1159" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnbIsBA8x58gUAqAH0kLUFeo73GYLB3duGEShb0I0oIqzknNfnLaTs8Mdxmxrmgx1XiihqTIA3TG9ku7ycER3o7ofO8HsO8z7xV7lqoz0u7169sWP7F4CxVvdASd6Rc2WCSc2Z4ucH6sHaJGmJN9jwUmVH1qZDp7rX85__VnhrofQfPfdxhnX9kvt_-Q/w200-h168/1-Image-001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"> </span></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"> </span></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"> </span></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto">Here's a diagram - the square and its circle.</span></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWNiXJJI4-eXFsG7Afi-qTtiqmrMWzppjvvgRu-honxJ96hIoMTSv28cik-AHFdT0nHeSbTjVX3M3YFBtfPd-FTCXyk62pDboqueaqT6Bz4HXNP0AbPXBHxfGRPsd491dWdzj-i5qZGxVg0aw6XZ4ZaMH1OfP9Cln5RjqN84MXEFuip1t5KEgYxfdBSg/s246/1-IMG-7456.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="246" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWNiXJJI4-eXFsG7Afi-qTtiqmrMWzppjvvgRu-honxJ96hIoMTSv28cik-AHFdT0nHeSbTjVX3M3YFBtfPd-FTCXyk62pDboqueaqT6Bz4HXNP0AbPXBHxfGRPsd491dWdzj-i5qZGxVg0aw6XZ4ZaMH1OfP9Cln5RjqN84MXEFuip1t5KEgYxfdBSg/w200-h200/1-IMG-7456.jpg" width="200" /></a></div> </div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> It is the language for the pattern of a quilt (dated 1847) </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> <br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKXhUFMv-g56IE2AKUbI_OaIZYrZQeNC_HkiN191CH165CrzBzgLcFzakHb3ZvPPd26mhNp-N44Imq1jd4WezaCmHspH-sqeEe-JkuPzE0qZbExKhu0seWY2_bPNUu26R2i_6mTkSbBuGovN8pPka5WeVShG9GagulpzCk83KOIIQBtl9grZ5x8iIbgg/s358/2-IMG-7455.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="358" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKXhUFMv-g56IE2AKUbI_OaIZYrZQeNC_HkiN191CH165CrzBzgLcFzakHb3ZvPPd26mhNp-N44Imq1jd4WezaCmHspH-sqeEe-JkuPzE0qZbExKhu0seWY2_bPNUu26R2i_6mTkSbBuGovN8pPka5WeVShG9GagulpzCk83KOIIQBtl9grZ5x8iIbgg/w200-h144/2-IMG-7455.jpg" width="200" /></a></div> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">and the roof structure for St. David's Cathedral in Wales (c. 1550). </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> <br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><p>You will learn what Practical Geometry was/is, and see many examples of the use of geometry in
construction and design.</p><p> You will see how our ancestors,
weavers, quilters, cabinet makers, and builders used geometry for design
and construction. I will mention drawings, paintings, and
illustrations, including how our cell phones superimpose the 'rule of
thirds' over our snap shots.</p><p><b><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto">Ask me if you have questions. Or just sign up. </span></b><b><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto"></span></b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> * https://www.muducambridge.org/</span></p>I look forward to seeing you there. Jane </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">St. David's Cathedral and geometric pattern : <br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Smith, Laurie, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Geometrical Design of St. David’s
Cathedral Nave Ceiling, A Geometer’</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Perspective, </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Geometrical Design Works, 2017, printed Exeter, UK. and others.</span></div></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><br /></div>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-89547764727670161502023-01-19T13:16:00.001-05:002023-01-21T09:46:09.363-05:00A Lancaster Clock Case: its geometric design<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7czIEGl7vHZYf5FOJsGhk3Bopiv27lDduM2lkvGs61QVNTIrwWAtX27ibCfSUOCgo_-wBXR6Zhbj4X-0owElmlGrnEkgTArW_TTp3rhkrxuWVtUbqGjGN8wacIB-dh3LBcD5i8eK-6GkNTOzQb9PPGISIpc0Riu1vRbV3tdGD0nIk-jQde0tEK8oiyQ/s4032/4-IMG_4009.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7czIEGl7vHZYf5FOJsGhk3Bopiv27lDduM2lkvGs61QVNTIrwWAtX27ibCfSUOCgo_-wBXR6Zhbj4X-0owElmlGrnEkgTArW_TTp3rhkrxuWVtUbqGjGN8wacIB-dh3LBcD5i8eK-6GkNTOzQb9PPGISIpc0Riu1vRbV3tdGD0nIk-jQde0tEK8oiyQ/w241-h320/4-IMG_4009.jpg" width="241" /></a></div><p> The Dietrick American Foundation published an article about a Lancaster clock case, researched and written by Christopher Storb, in July 2022.* It was forwarded to me by Craig Farrow, Cabinet Maker.** He knew I would be interested.<br /></p><p>The Foundation wrote that it "intended [such articles] as a type of crowd sourcing, where responses and information shared by readers can inform research." I am happy to respond, to try this way of sharing information, to see if it can be successful.<br /></p><p><i>As my research on the use of geometry in construction - Practical Geometry - is not well known or understood, I have written this post as an introduction. <br /></i></p><p><i>I will write to Christopher Storb when I publish this analysis. I look forward to his reply and the information from others who have responded. </i><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwNkxVop1pOKp4JZmG8YZiOWmc5ziVlUknjpn8623sb_bmj_DOpwEXWpArJKLibI4WSXqwvmrgJjUh0LnRZrAwL7Jmg8ILN9WHYh2PWnghKMbWyq8NGkiRjbrIF-KDozv_hI0cDYT790DV5zM7Y08eO6siQ4JDEQd5nKpMR_88-KVh1CmqsSf-GzS1pg/s664/1-4-IMG_4009.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="664" data-original-width="664" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwNkxVop1pOKp4JZmG8YZiOWmc5ziVlUknjpn8623sb_bmj_DOpwEXWpArJKLibI4WSXqwvmrgJjUh0LnRZrAwL7Jmg8ILN9WHYh2PWnghKMbWyq8NGkiRjbrIF-KDozv_hI0cDYT790DV5zM7Y08eO6siQ4JDEQd5nKpMR_88-KVh1CmqsSf-GzS1pg/w200-h200/1-4-IMG_4009.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p>The article is fascinating with clear images and explanations.<br /></p><p>I especially liked the the medallion at the base of the clock case and was delighted with the cabinet maker's tilt of the knot. I appreciated Christopher Storb's clear analysis of the geometry of the knot as intertwined hourglasses rotated to "create the illusion that the design is in motion, mirroring the actual rotation of the hands of the clock dial above." </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfS8K3xIi6qyFMgLGAnRWnHAKZpnC6Q3DG_G5BEh-QYRBIs-X5TppoHqWD4rY6GyVabh2rureXmAN3rsBazKPUJVhgXsvTW1-NeKUZcrwGSwA3EfNtuxmSv72MkqQTec-gBh-sXukoSd65YAiCEtFFT6rmOl3O8qnUCVEceeFhwAfqgfrvJvsfOvnKPA/s2326/1-IMG_4014-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2326" data-original-width="2315" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfS8K3xIi6qyFMgLGAnRWnHAKZpnC6Q3DG_G5BEh-QYRBIs-X5TppoHqWD4rY6GyVabh2rureXmAN3rsBazKPUJVhgXsvTW1-NeKUZcrwGSwA3EfNtuxmSv72MkqQTec-gBh-sXukoSd65YAiCEtFFT6rmOl3O8qnUCVEceeFhwAfqgfrvJvsfOvnKPA/s320/1-IMG_4014-1.jpg" width="318" /></a></div><p> </p><p>Here is the geometry as drawn by Christopher Storb: the daisy wheel and its 6 outer circles, the lines of the parts of the geometry used on the clock outlined for clarity and then the pattern rotated to fit the diagonal, upper left to lower right.</p><p> <br /></p><p> I saw that the geometry governed the design of the whole lower panel, not just the knot. </p><p>I decided to map it.</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh00yPOyxqWscTbtA88Yt4MdmuRZgzv1FDqF_zALez7S0KPvuvjpQPDGTX3U5LXropoxFPnx5jBgV4bnOvZmI31ChMXsDSwtwJ_5rIxosYv3V3FiWgLmLLtg3Q-ZMzwPn2jgdXbhxQx5qN0r5y9pFdgI9tyFEXSG60fVBPfgKJ-OkFba64IBD8tv5Q1Qw/s2394/3-IMG_4013.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2394" data-original-width="2391" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh00yPOyxqWscTbtA88Yt4MdmuRZgzv1FDqF_zALez7S0KPvuvjpQPDGTX3U5LXropoxFPnx5jBgV4bnOvZmI31ChMXsDSwtwJ_5rIxosYv3V3FiWgLmLLtg3Q-ZMzwPn2jgdXbhxQx5qN0r5y9pFdgI9tyFEXSG60fVBPfgKJ-OkFba64IBD8tv5Q1Qw/w200-h200/3-IMG_4013.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><i> </i></p><p><i>The photograph in the article is not quite square. The image of the knot and its panel is slightly skewed; the diagrams drawn over the image are not quite true. Therefore I have drawn the geometry separately. </i></p><p><i>See the lower edge: there is a space below image on the lower left corner, but almost none on the lower right. That's enough to skew the geometry.</i><br /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhiGMd9cIJYxVjYnUy1rvgXdWtU2JfNL4ritVDE1Hesma2THBSedrJND3da3FJ-byUxBkX3GliqkRUT9E3UmqHqaNCMt5YV9IfApyq_wfsBt3Dj1u3JxBdtGJ3Nw9ugqcOsk2VCH23lNH65CvrkIUkrDTLoyBXx16BH-gY9Yzq1vxcQU-J5EvWljFWJg/s1540/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1538" data-original-width="1540" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhiGMd9cIJYxVjYnUy1rvgXdWtU2JfNL4ritVDE1Hesma2THBSedrJND3da3FJ-byUxBkX3GliqkRUT9E3UmqHqaNCMt5YV9IfApyq_wfsBt3Dj1u3JxBdtGJ3Nw9ugqcOsk2VCH23lNH65CvrkIUkrDTLoyBXx16BH-gY9Yzq1vxcQU-J5EvWljFWJg/w200-h200/1-Image.jpg" width="200" /></a></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p>I began with the panel which is the front of the base. It is a square. </p><p>I added the diagonals.</p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS2IC-o4uNSmEXoKkU2FHn4VXSrOLxKr1ZC4aOhZ4nDqEI_sFN31h4YGkD-UjrlZWbb3XpH-iLElH3KR9JkdAgr6I4arDdtRhUBcNkqrchmvk_jcJE2YPzqAKNWNSn4KTybcb7n9MOOpcM41wVlBqmbBjscRtD8pySq1Ohgh_Ftbdjbr1a3_maB6DplQ/s1331/2-2-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1331" data-original-width="1329" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS2IC-o4uNSmEXoKkU2FHn4VXSrOLxKr1ZC4aOhZ4nDqEI_sFN31h4YGkD-UjrlZWbb3XpH-iLElH3KR9JkdAgr6I4arDdtRhUBcNkqrchmvk_jcJE2YPzqAKNWNSn4KTybcb7n9MOOpcM41wVlBqmbBjscRtD8pySq1Ohgh_Ftbdjbr1a3_maB6DplQ/w200-h200/2-2-Image%20(3).jpg" width="200" /></a></div> <p></p><p>Then I divided the sides in half, vertically and horizontally. ***<br /></p><p></p><p>Here is the geometry as laid out by compass and
straight edge. </p><p>The cabinet maker did not need to use numbers. Each line
came from the basic shape, that first square.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzCcKcYA_OTQj3KrHzF7l2Ev_dt7RP4v3r4bsyxibnURSvLuNUaSN_1gHP20R2pUtiTEjh1SkQCZLyQ2wiTi-gt328PwW4areJOkLIcqYQdlC8REKCKJn6KfGB1pi6ljq-Zn6HtOf-tMjcRw5IwlKD05prLMyWmbQvuv0Zs3Jcl0FGf2lxY0-cA5czRg/s1724/1-4-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;">.</a></div><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDXlGPpLsA5268oGyTU8Fjj3mXjCAI1g3dljP4hlm_LHssxAADBjEXjlUUPRo_gs70KY_7BdPYHsXMa7ZTO-uYU-M9klcU7YrD1kz2Uf0o023O25GDz0i7czq1UFn4Q60n-JLJ9BGrvMGKUNrpeFRD3JW4EuY6sWKq-kY3hh4e8bPKAcAmnhYBSSjj5A/s1543/1-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1543" data-original-width="1536" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDXlGPpLsA5268oGyTU8Fjj3mXjCAI1g3dljP4hlm_LHssxAADBjEXjlUUPRo_gs70KY_7BdPYHsXMa7ZTO-uYU-M9klcU7YrD1kz2Uf0o023O25GDz0i7czq1UFn4Q60n-JLJ9BGrvMGKUNrpeFRD3JW4EuY6sWKq-kY3hh4e8bPKAcAmnhYBSSjj5A/w199-h200/1-Image%20(3).jpg" width="199" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p>The horizontal and vertical lines bisect the scalloped edge. <br /><br />Every line crosses the others in the center.<br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAs-b5j7WpDiFh-v_00qzq9mRnqsBHKDiT5p4FVu3rSTmdncCzXhhvOMZRVp0GG4iMXTWUN-X5oW72wiB4T7MwB-hXRjQMKWs8jxmCP44Fb1NiSxtPo6xXUAFj_nAGvrd3ZH1XWiW91Y5t24HMtwpJCJz53p9y3yIRRMFx0HzZgkbgiO3r1E-vK9TDZQ/s1165/1-Image%20(5)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1165" data-original-width="1165" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAs-b5j7WpDiFh-v_00qzq9mRnqsBHKDiT5p4FVu3rSTmdncCzXhhvOMZRVp0GG4iMXTWUN-X5oW72wiB4T7MwB-hXRjQMKWs8jxmCP44Fb1NiSxtPo6xXUAFj_nAGvrd3ZH1XWiW91Y5t24HMtwpJCJz53p9y3yIRRMFx0HzZgkbgiO3r1E-vK9TDZQ/w200-h200/1-Image%20(5)-001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p> </p><p>From those lines several others are easy to add. The sides of the smaller <b><span>rotated square</span></b> run from center point to center point. <br /></p><p>A <span style="color: red;">small circle</span> - with a diameter the distance from the center of the design to the inner <span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">rotated square</span> <span style="color: black;">-</span> </span>can be added.<span style="color: red;"> </span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2nk03bSKE68edcb_K85fX7lAfoqJhRJEz0eFP-Zf5V_kizjBjFKpBpwS3HATtMq_emGTaOjTsi0WLsQPRikXwLUYKDAjFVYCblEBJQzbnLDW5Y7M95pGXi2nHzkjA_vXYtpnfSEaiTbSTc_1G-NbBCURrPObQR1wtnf8QiXuDmSlSZRobz5Tq2lUVOg/s1565/1-Image%20(5).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1565" data-original-width="1563" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2nk03bSKE68edcb_K85fX7lAfoqJhRJEz0eFP-Zf5V_kizjBjFKpBpwS3HATtMq_emGTaOjTsi0WLsQPRikXwLUYKDAjFVYCblEBJQzbnLDW5Y7M95pGXi2nHzkjA_vXYtpnfSEaiTbSTc_1G-NbBCURrPObQR1wtnf8QiXuDmSlSZRobz5Tq2lUVOg/w200-h200/1-Image%20(5).jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p> </p><p>That small circle is the first circle of the knot, located by the geometry of the face - its diameter is determined by the squares.<br /></p><p></p><p>The rest of the knot can be laid out with a compass as shown in Christopher Storb's diagrams. <br /></p><p> </p><p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkEo6haia0yWxnUXivQ0XxuKSykZweJ4w8vacx6sAteYwfS544aFAPU-uVg05Dy-emL-QqQEVYX52RVXIdKTXxddBEhr7geKdoFjpG4c6jznuTzBN-l-XujYK5yDAuYBoE18zp-AcoE7OjkkiSFuuyKjKXQ3i_9mza58uB1nKa1nYM94N4XBZ6JAS9uA/s1026/1-1-Image%20(6).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="1019" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkEo6haia0yWxnUXivQ0XxuKSykZweJ4w8vacx6sAteYwfS544aFAPU-uVg05Dy-emL-QqQEVYX52RVXIdKTXxddBEhr7geKdoFjpG4c6jznuTzBN-l-XujYK5yDAuYBoE18zp-AcoE7OjkkiSFuuyKjKXQ3i_9mza58uB1nKa1nYM94N4XBZ6JAS9uA/w199-h200/1-1-Image%20(6).jpg" width="199" /></a></p><br /><p></p><p> </p><p>The cabinet maker did not need to rotate his diagram. The knot began on the slope of the diagonal.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2VPCUEGGCMh6TmDfscooI0tdHwZj74qG2Q0IHRlQloqKQ9WRHH3iohvNn7bV0gwECKA4eaD5vgPb3_oHqPPIE07Hokw9cpMz_OuJ3f8I5QaHQjBHxFvB0xh9VtJ1tLk6Joki4U7pmqFHpofwrBg5Fn0a-usgzLAzOBBamO1RjFLknBVq6xPSXGJYnhA/s1135/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1129" data-original-width="1135" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2VPCUEGGCMh6TmDfscooI0tdHwZj74qG2Q0IHRlQloqKQ9WRHH3iohvNn7bV0gwECKA4eaD5vgPb3_oHqPPIE07Hokw9cpMz_OuJ3f8I5QaHQjBHxFvB0xh9VtJ1tLk6Joki4U7pmqFHpofwrBg5Fn0a-usgzLAzOBBamO1RjFLknBVq6xPSXGJYnhA/w200-h199/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><p> <br /></p><p></p><p>Here is the vertical hour glass image, in the center, as it is in the upper right of Christopher Storb's diagrams. 6 more circles can be added around the outer ring of the hour glass layout. I have only drawn<span style="color: red;"> 2.</span> Their <span style="color: red;">arcs</span> are the inner curves of the <b>hour glass shape</b>. <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr-ai1lPyyWsHbEiVQ5-DVW_aQ-VK9Aw_-8osrNLX4AfH7FZfsOpq1fFUx4Apojg4nB7t1Zjtnyy6F2_6zAkVfs00AEQgseFVuBqupNuSFKuQm002iUbcbLT61ocp_vbX1NSoKrM6pdMPTWIAzOEu6PnVCAr48r7-Dls3t0yBLegue_Y6lAOBAzP6k5A/s1187/1-Image%20(5)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1187" data-original-width="1186" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr-ai1lPyyWsHbEiVQ5-DVW_aQ-VK9Aw_-8osrNLX4AfH7FZfsOpq1fFUx4Apojg4nB7t1Zjtnyy6F2_6zAkVfs00AEQgseFVuBqupNuSFKuQm002iUbcbLT61ocp_vbX1NSoKrM6pdMPTWIAzOEu6PnVCAr48r7-Dls3t0yBLegue_Y6lAOBAzP6k5A/w200-h200/1-Image%20(5)-002.jpg" width="200" /></a>The square shield surrounding the knot comes from the circles that radiate out from
the knot on the diagonals. Their centers are the corners of the square. The cabinet
maker did not need to draw those circles. His compass was already open to
the circle's radius and could mark the corners of the square. <br /></div><p>I have added the upper left <span style="color: red;">circle in red,</span> then the 3 other <span style="color: red;">centers</span> of the circles - the corners of the square - as<span style="color: red;"> red points <span style="color: black;">on the diagonals</span></span>. <br /></p><p></p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJiNDiD8dzVUcXl8Ha3zJGFm2SFkDtMjVi0dcfBK3WXyKID3i2do7uiqotIWkxEl7j6QP1Gcrprv82GhT9cD-zqr4t4tmBMe96xMVkNKOGUA6M2qDeaJ5b1t-yoV_rzwLeKoqXi9tGXf83Cpzi5ufc2gzcJG1BzDJfLrReutSR3c2uTD4_JJlzD5bjjw/s1192/1-Image%20(6)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1192" data-original-width="1191" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJiNDiD8dzVUcXl8Ha3zJGFm2SFkDtMjVi0dcfBK3WXyKID3i2do7uiqotIWkxEl7j6QP1Gcrprv82GhT9cD-zqr4t4tmBMe96xMVkNKOGUA6M2qDeaJ5b1t-yoV_rzwLeKoqXi9tGXf83Cpzi5ufc2gzcJG1BzDJfLrReutSR3c2uTD4_JJlzD5bjjw/w200-h200/1-Image%20(6)-001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /> <br /><p></p><p>Here is the layout of all the squares of the design. </p><p>They are governed by the lines which begin with the exterior square of the clock case's base. <br /></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKlgVKc7rR5tTfIduus3bquHDMz9WdQPbgesLh5YuNvOCBl0e3e1mVehgFdxoeoKbYVizXrz1TrN5Br7nvumsYtB09CxNam0C-aBUiSsSPBUszfmFjcifRj7cLlhP45_crrjpVbsxruVTV45Qz5YQVjqJpx_UCheG6kff5fV8teSEp8endPAZNf32QNw/s715/3-IMG-7299.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="691" data-original-width="715" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKlgVKc7rR5tTfIduus3bquHDMz9WdQPbgesLh5YuNvOCBl0e3e1mVehgFdxoeoKbYVizXrz1TrN5Br7nvumsYtB09CxNam0C-aBUiSsSPBUszfmFjcifRj7cLlhP45_crrjpVbsxruVTV45Qz5YQVjqJpx_UCheG6kff5fV8teSEp8endPAZNf32QNw/w200-h193/3-IMG-7299.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p> <br /></p><p>The <b>square</b> (as drawn here) of the shield confines the knot. It is static but the knot is fluid. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik61Av0yPa5H9le7wdpMpAN_Nb6WcW1rwtw-LYEZ0N1LUQuMwzdD4Xvl8bIjvLbxuuJESKANRSQKr9UO9C7bh0IpIOanKBedNqmbjOGiMzbWryyWl08eYfazJ00sctbQezXzCp9blnWRTgTe9TNYVe8xH7BtnQLNHX6mh4HNPosr_7dkPcDgw9UU4SiA/s1311/1-Image-003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1311" data-original-width="1311" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik61Av0yPa5H9le7wdpMpAN_Nb6WcW1rwtw-LYEZ0N1LUQuMwzdD4Xvl8bIjvLbxuuJESKANRSQKr9UO9C7bh0IpIOanKBedNqmbjOGiMzbWryyWl08eYfazJ00sctbQezXzCp9blnWRTgTe9TNYVe8xH7BtnQLNHX6mh4HNPosr_7dkPcDgw9UU4SiA/w200-h200/1-Image-003.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p> The shield's <b>circle </b>which surrounds the square,
is also a perfect, stable shape. The knot implies movement and change
while the circle is constant, never changing. The circle constrains the
knot's curves just as the square does. </p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjznQv8zrC-a17bafHsNdbDRWaNUXo-Ugl7P0b7ExfMGHZwMuyRrdQOuW92VGBl_0B1TBu6AQjg72zbs_8tGp-ZGkGR0Jg5QhDdZcAu4vHPjS6y_gT0GEATyvnP3JKA3mq4I4Tw3yN8hMiDO0c6fS9kCTMaOR5RQp0mE2-orkmRhha7AqqcFjFEJWVcwQ/s1294/5-1-Image%20(4)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1287" data-original-width="1294" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjznQv8zrC-a17bafHsNdbDRWaNUXo-Ugl7P0b7ExfMGHZwMuyRrdQOuW92VGBl_0B1TBu6AQjg72zbs_8tGp-ZGkGR0Jg5QhDdZcAu4vHPjS6y_gT0GEATyvnP3JKA3mq4I4Tw3yN8hMiDO0c6fS9kCTMaOR5RQp0mE2-orkmRhha7AqqcFjFEJWVcwQ/w200-h199/5-1-Image%20(4)-001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>The diagrams are the forms for the design. They were the beginning. Then the cabinet maker played with the shapes.<br /><p></p><p>His solution was to compliment the knot by curving the corners of the square with the circumference of the circle. He loosened that circumference by adding the scallops and fins. </p><p></p>The flourishes - the scallops and fins - are
laid out by the arc of the radius of the inner circle of the knot, a
smaller circle which comes from the width of the wood and pewter bands. <br /><p>The shield becomes not a constraint but a backdrop, a commentary. Both the square
with its softened corners and the circle behind it with its horns and scallops present to the viewer that remarkable knot with its pewter ribbon. </p><p>What knowledge and skill this cabinet maker had!<br /></p> <br /><p><br /></p><p>* Dietrick America Foundation, <b>An Extraordinary Lancaster Clock Case</b>, by Christopher Storb, July 22, 2022. <span style="color: #2b00fe;"> https://www.incollect.com/articles/dietrich-american-foundation-an-extraordinary-lancaster-tall-case-clock</span></p><p></p><p>** Craig Farrow, Cabinet Maker, https://www.craigfarrowmasterfurnituremaker.com/</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdXD9Bd9DoTi3_TZ9YepVbMmkKxr33BzL0VdNopQ_ZqnvUJVNEPzmDrSglTgHnrNfm5Qfa9w_fvEnVs5QFIHqG-YD39rLnufkcddqqv8Fc6_IN0aVk4ZA7fBiB_Tt1pc3JOTZY69dDHNNnGlAGSSnwugHs6-DizAahwHqQ-YT5U3uY4GK5IgvuUTDiPA/s1593/1-Image%20(4)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1477" data-original-width="1593" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdXD9Bd9DoTi3_TZ9YepVbMmkKxr33BzL0VdNopQ_ZqnvUJVNEPzmDrSglTgHnrNfm5Qfa9w_fvEnVs5QFIHqG-YD39rLnufkcddqqv8Fc6_IN0aVk4ZA7fBiB_Tt1pc3JOTZY69dDHNNnGlAGSSnwugHs6-DizAahwHqQ-YT5U3uY4GK5IgvuUTDiPA/s320/1-Image%20(4)-001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p></p><p></p><p>*** dividing a square in quarters using a compass: <br /><br /><br /></p><p> This diagram was published in pattern books written to instruct apprentices. The square with its arcs has 2 points both horizontally and vertically. The lines of these points divide the square into quarters. <br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> <br /></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-31714935782315466962023-01-10T20:48:00.008-05:002023-04-01T21:12:30.391-04:00Geometry in Construction = Practical Geometry <br /><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><b><span style="font-size: large;">Geometry in construction = practical geometry.</span></b></p><p>Does that seem strange, a philosophical stretch? As recently as the 1930's it was widely understood, commonplace. Since the 1950's, geometry has been taught as precise, logical, beautiful, magical, amazing. But practical? Barely. Today the idea is usually met with skepticism. </p><p>However, you who read my blog know this is what I study: what those builders know about geometry and how did they use it? <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMzN3ZMk_h0Fv2xp89xBbnL1qb7qViGVIN7A2-LrhkKcaVLHrU_MUpMG2_BtWpBWDFmSRwVearzKRpEe98rifsAIfH91cMK5iKxoXiMyPWF-7ZRqIjxYRPy8WOji6ELJNQC1h0BbNKBwpnhSFyodn2PHH15iKl_YBnrVOQQQvUlDoKoKJDxesI_P5VHA/s815/1-Image-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="815" height="107" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMzN3ZMk_h0Fv2xp89xBbnL1qb7qViGVIN7A2-LrhkKcaVLHrU_MUpMG2_BtWpBWDFmSRwVearzKRpEe98rifsAIfH91cMK5iKxoXiMyPWF-7ZRqIjxYRPy8WOji6ELJNQC1h0BbNKBwpnhSFyodn2PHH15iKl_YBnrVOQQQvUlDoKoKJDxesI_P5VHA/w200-h107/1-Image-001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div> <p></p><p>Euclid's geometry starts with a <b>Point </b>which has no dimensions.<b> </b> Two points make a <b>Line<span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">- 1 dimension</span></span><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">. </span></span></b><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">3 make a<b> Plane </b>- 2 dimensions.<br /></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIV21R4BR9Xx-n2qI-sLPvsGnuzVmuL7lhpOWDg5WJCJkfGsfe28HWRFKggTRQ7gRxLwG7HbTFBT9mAr5XyQV9EM6Rax6iYuLCjM97jO94L6TuO0chETyaSRO2Y0H_IANobbv1o2j1_K8Na3-98qqjGNran_feZ6q2BfWYbgDt0YpdCz_byxvM4KpYuQ/s401/1-Image-003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="357" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIV21R4BR9Xx-n2qI-sLPvsGnuzVmuL7lhpOWDg5WJCJkfGsfe28HWRFKggTRQ7gRxLwG7HbTFBT9mAr5XyQV9EM6Rax6iYuLCjM97jO94L6TuO0chETyaSRO2Y0H_IANobbv1o2j1_K8Na3-98qqjGNran_feZ6q2BfWYbgDt0YpdCz_byxvM4KpYuQ/w99-h111/1-Image-003.jpg" width="99" /></a></span></span></div><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><p></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">4 points make an <b>object </b> - 3 dimensions. <i> </i> </span></span></p><p><b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b><br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibiCeWl2kDulpAlmiSFj209J9FODkMh1xnoyBtHWpQponJa_jT2-7svcqXuDmc_9-CVppazP3tWpnOE5wss4hh0T705zLDdsq8oiKki7BeVfFwlN4xAkRHddwAevwVtjcIL_3mBbQ53jmwXWnteBeOqDctgf9PCv7IBxjfz-dIlzJIL32tOLnuiFNgKw/s1224/1-1-1-circle%20to%20square-003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="818" data-original-width="1224" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibiCeWl2kDulpAlmiSFj209J9FODkMh1xnoyBtHWpQponJa_jT2-7svcqXuDmc_9-CVppazP3tWpnOE5wss4hh0T705zLDdsq8oiKki7BeVfFwlN4xAkRHddwAevwVtjcIL_3mBbQ53jmwXWnteBeOqDctgf9PCv7IBxjfz-dIlzJIL32tOLnuiFNgKw/s320/1-1-1-circle%20to%20square-003.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">How can this geometry be practical? </span></span> <br /></p><p>A Line laid out between 2 points will always be straight. </p><p>A Line drawn by hand might curve; a Line marked by snapping a length of twine cannot curve. This is the beginning: it will be <b>true</b>. If the geometry is not accurate it will not be practical. <br /></p><p>The Line <b>A-B</b> can become a radius. The radius can draw<span style="color: red;"> a circle. </span></p><p>Whether the circle is drawn with a compass set to the length of the radius. or by hand with a length of twine, it will close if the the work is accurate. If the circle does not close upon itself it is not <b>true</b>. At every step of the layout if the geometry doesn't hold, the designer will know to stop and correct the drawing. <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoECqkXx3AGXixzwfaiz6nooFvL-AjcPsiGxv8mhZCgN-wZSm97tW3PKQiSEu6C7x4-Nn9BJCvZd4BmiyhrnO38eUQV5So-8wqyv8OjZwi65NgQzA8_qyiKAnVAK1CerOvCqmAUjJ6WUgqY-fy9asY-9xc1WtAFjeEkxBcD7dN7LOHOaCiUejCJ29fuw/s485/2-1-1-Image-004.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="483" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoECqkXx3AGXixzwfaiz6nooFvL-AjcPsiGxv8mhZCgN-wZSm97tW3PKQiSEu6C7x4-Nn9BJCvZd4BmiyhrnO38eUQV5So-8wqyv8OjZwi65NgQzA8_qyiKAnVAK1CerOvCqmAUjJ6WUgqY-fy9asY-9xc1WtAFjeEkxBcD7dN7LOHOaCiUejCJ29fuw/s320/2-1-1-Image-004.jpg" width="319" /></a></div> <p></p><p>The radius of the circle always divides the circumference of the circle into 6 parts. If the points on the circle, marked by swinging the arc of the radius, are not spaced accurately they will not end exactly where they began. They will not be <b>true</b>. The work cannot proceed. These 6 points on this daisy wheel are not quite accurate. Note that the daisy petals' shapes are not identical; the points are not equidistant. If I measured the diameters, petal to petal, they would not match. I was not careful enough. <br /></p><p><br /></p><p> <br /></p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg43cX6Iq4BYqQ1vBfUXkPLpx3hjTlpwnKtM6qfXt9rWrbU9eC9NaD1MAWS-7AiWLOejiPW-ajJbZKY5eOtYMog1RjxY4hAu9-BG2PPUNYEmNjWhODGAyDJ-Qz5qw9yQwk3h5P60mWF_7j5loz_bdFMh3ShZi4nBzPmz87Qc-U_q4A0wld9tfmFvPr7tw/s1071/1-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1071" data-original-width="1068" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg43cX6Iq4BYqQ1vBfUXkPLpx3hjTlpwnKtM6qfXt9rWrbU9eC9NaD1MAWS-7AiWLOejiPW-ajJbZKY5eOtYMog1RjxY4hAu9-BG2PPUNYEmNjWhODGAyDJ-Qz5qw9yQwk3h5P60mWF_7j5loz_bdFMh3ShZi4nBzPmz87Qc-U_q4A0wld9tfmFvPr7tw/s320/1-Image%20(3).jpg" width="319" /></a></div><p></p><p> The 6 points, joined with lines, can be used in construction.</p><p> </p><p>The rectangles that come from the 6 points can be proved by their diagonals. If they match, the rectangle will have 90* corners and be <b>true</b>. If the diagonals do not match the shape is not a rectangle. </p><p><br />A building needs to be stable, whatever materials it is made from, whatever form it takes. For simple vernacular housing the circle was the practical geometry needed to erect a stable, sturdy dwelling. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuzje6MOJD90mBk1ypW-3AowK6aD1ePqte5tXvkF2N7nVQE_RILxBH-3dsZkbq5vSmSeF3d4IN1_rmRoetxTPpBD8-IAEYW6CaMehkBnytQ4JOyL9NIdNvGF3ACPHEqOKR-X5DegT0Y4n3vvbeU4CWsw1E420lGLEATsqYbCikW7bMlCV23SlmjxYaaQ/s1101/1-IMG-7029.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1093" data-original-width="1101" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuzje6MOJD90mBk1ypW-3AowK6aD1ePqte5tXvkF2N7nVQE_RILxBH-3dsZkbq5vSmSeF3d4IN1_rmRoetxTPpBD8-IAEYW6CaMehkBnytQ4JOyL9NIdNvGF3ACPHEqOKR-X5DegT0Y4n3vvbeU4CWsw1E420lGLEATsqYbCikW7bMlCV23SlmjxYaaQ/w200-h199/1-IMG-7029.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>The layout tools available to the builder of the Lesser Dabney House* in rural Virginia, c. 1740, were twine, some pegs, a straight edge, some chalk or soot so the twine could mark a line, perhaps a scribe, a compass. </p><p>The builder could have laid out this house with the first 4. A peg could have served as a scribe to mark a point. Twine with a loose knot around a peg turns as a compass does. <br /></p><p> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7LRP1pbV9Cl9tfDNd0j3O_JwrOITGGgAUvb-wRr5hfS5n1u-vqH09L4RiupW_y6b0B3SoK2--md9oO9HA1V7FFmPXP84Ns75OiHr6zTuCJrBzIDo-a_cEfVja6eedA3o3Jpjp51AQxTSP9sVBOrmMbz6bSKYP89qU71Zdpv_XcRz0Zzqa4cDK1-jQRg/s1655/2-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="995" data-original-width="1655" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7LRP1pbV9Cl9tfDNd0j3O_JwrOITGGgAUvb-wRr5hfS5n1u-vqH09L4RiupW_y6b0B3SoK2--md9oO9HA1V7FFmPXP84Ns75OiHr6zTuCJrBzIDo-a_cEfVja6eedA3o3Jpjp51AQxTSP9sVBOrmMbz6bSKYP89qU71Zdpv_XcRz0Zzqa4cDK1-jQRg/s320/2-Image%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a> <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;">Here is the floor plan as it was recorded by Henry Glassie, c. 1973: 3 rooms with 2 chimneys and a stair to the attic. 3 windows, 4 doors. The door to the left may have gone into another shed.<br /></div></div><p> </p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK7D9fm4S0HWDsNzhGamAaXOmQEpBRkUyH7KzuJlqrxEfYRTPLwn0nfkepWI7wtGcQmlryJX5HdLDyNrAuaoKO_df-apQZVAp-G_oOhr6PLqOiIRiQTThv0TCl0I_aKtuXnUzgc10YfkWPssV33W2hIF3J4SfCHnq44ovewSrIvWr7XEnypIAvGYs4sQ/s598/1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="598" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK7D9fm4S0HWDsNzhGamAaXOmQEpBRkUyH7KzuJlqrxEfYRTPLwn0nfkepWI7wtGcQmlryJX5HdLDyNrAuaoKO_df-apQZVAp-G_oOhr6PLqOiIRiQTThv0TCl0I_aKtuXnUzgc10YfkWPssV33W2hIF3J4SfCHnq44ovewSrIvWr7XEnypIAvGYs4sQ/w151-h151/1-Image%20(2).jpg" width="151" /></a></div>The builder stood where he wanted the main wall of the house to be. He pegged the width he chose with twine <b>A-B</b>. That length became his radius. He drew his <span style="color: red;">arcs</span> to find the center of his circle<b> C</b>. Then he drew his circle. And found it <b>true</b>. The circle's radius steps off 6 times around its circumference. The arc create the 'daisy wheel'.<br /><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaUwlZv84KHIHcIUuYKig5zgBJUL-FU2r94IfmIi56-71Wlye1LJLtTyXuFRzP_5j9TlCF4HJwTEgu1fEzjxJ_KDgx5w_Z72lnihyWB1_hgyf0EsAYbjIwlf33uN4H0bU2_ndH9ZwNqpdECgYPp261Vz9ZCsgC8jOVoFmo2p6S0wAsjNKufe5AlHWotw/s2081/2-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1916" data-original-width="2081" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaUwlZv84KHIHcIUuYKig5zgBJUL-FU2r94IfmIi56-71Wlye1LJLtTyXuFRzP_5j9TlCF4HJwTEgu1fEzjxJ_KDgx5w_Z72lnihyWB1_hgyf0EsAYbjIwlf33uN4H0bU2_ndH9ZwNqpdECgYPp261Vz9ZCsgC8jOVoFmo2p6S0wAsjNKufe5AlHWotw/s320/2-Image%20(3).jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p> <br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b>A-B </b>in the diagram</span> <span style="color: black;">above became</span> 1-2</span>, the width of the house. The <span style="color: red;">arcs 1-3</span> and <span style="color: red;">2-6 </span>of that width crossed at the center of the circle with its 6 points: <span style="color: red;">1,2,3,4,5,6</span>. </p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">The</span> Lines 1-5 </span>and <span style="color: red;">2-4</span> laid out the side walls;<span style="color: red;"> 6-3</span> locate the back wall. Diagonals across the rectangular floor plan proved the layout to be <b>true</b>. <br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The main block is about 20'x17'. The 2 doors welcomed cooling through breezes in the summer. The wall room on the right may been a later addition to create a parlor, more private and warmer in winter. <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiksD-Cdi25_kAAp9AxSZlDMaEjY8LfaP2KHvDSizjdejfIitdUs7Eik8PsAs4z40MOQmWZLADM_9ECVRsXhYS4ejSQkMrYvIp-q2a_GRFLmwTwJRxN4lQQCa-wttfSSEY-dkF_0BCTPUJ9d2RAgJrHjCp7HBTWMeyEp4dt6pYfKh2hyGIvebCMgO4aA/s1606/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="989" data-original-width="1606" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiksD-Cdi25_kAAp9AxSZlDMaEjY8LfaP2KHvDSizjdejfIitdUs7Eik8PsAs4z40MOQmWZLADM_9ECVRsXhYS4ejSQkMrYvIp-q2a_GRFLmwTwJRxN4lQQCa-wttfSSEY-dkF_0BCTPUJ9d2RAgJrHjCp7HBTWMeyEp4dt6pYfKh2hyGIvebCMgO4aA/s320/1-Image.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>Then the builder added the shed. He made his twine the length of the house, folds it in half and then in half again. He then knew what was 1/4 the length of the house (x). He laid out that length (x) 3 times to get the depth of his shed. He stretched his twine diagonally from one corner to the other. If the twine measured 5(x) his shed walls were<b> </b>a<b> </b>3/4/5 rectangle; the corners 90*, and <b>true </b>to the main house. The shed roof framed cleanly against the house and was weather tight.</p><p>The circle and the 3/4/5 triangle - Practical Geometry - were the only measuring systems necessary to construct this house. <br /></p><p></p><p> <br /></p><p>*The Lesser Dabney House, Fig. 45, Type 3, p, 105; the photograph: p.104. </p><p>Henry Glassie, <b><u>Folk Housing in Middle Virginia,</u></b> U Tennessee Press, 1975; plans, drawings and photographs by Henry Glassie. </p><p>Henry Glassie recorded
floor plans and what history he could find, He photographed. He did not
make measured drawings like those in HABS now in the Library of Congress
and available on its website.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p><br /></p><br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-37200013440358239752022-11-29T16:52:00.004-05:002023-06-01T13:41:05.489-04:00Virginia Folk Housing, Part 2 of an update<p><br /> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidZAKm3FMgTXCumOxmKW3il21T0cSL0FVy4bmB6gc72xscJ2xGhPL-aw2D0acrjCOPB-XQjuvrF9dp1oslTZl9z6eHgJDJWWjzuf4foVN1e2Sbu6dpE23DIpCPmWQJJZwDqwpXe1L_ogLGxh86XmxT6uXcwj6lRA8Jp92DLSoWE_k2zPCudvb-TJD9SA/s951/1-IMG-6883.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="847" data-original-width="951" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidZAKm3FMgTXCumOxmKW3il21T0cSL0FVy4bmB6gc72xscJ2xGhPL-aw2D0acrjCOPB-XQjuvrF9dp1oslTZl9z6eHgJDJWWjzuf4foVN1e2Sbu6dpE23DIpCPmWQJJZwDqwpXe1L_ogLGxh86XmxT6uXcwj6lRA8Jp92DLSoWE_k2zPCudvb-TJD9SA/s320/1-IMG-6883.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p><b>The Moore House</b>* photographed by Henry Glassie, built before 1750. <br /></p><p> </p><p>This house has 2 rooms up and down, 2 fire places, 2 chimneys, and a shed on each end. The main block is double the size of the house I wrote about in Part1: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2022/11/virginia-folk-housing-update.html</span><br /></p><p>The geometry begins as it did in Part 1, using the width as the circle's radius. <br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqQ3xlg9vhWKsY8Ck3FyiZFimg0TEijGhR0sNCgA6wTXDe1RxM_X0wCqD-MePWkg5h2S7kF4rtQMcHLGJ7F3KAdf-ebBnifmzmxw07CBSzMzuTOIjYfr_Z9T07-4G-dTmS6Pwr-sb37VxVSJIxLvZ_qh8Uf09vfbf35mRGmJ1_VRHWUpmQNccRO-rEaw/s2167/1-Image%20(6)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="2167" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqQ3xlg9vhWKsY8Ck3FyiZFimg0TEijGhR0sNCgA6wTXDe1RxM_X0wCqD-MePWkg5h2S7kF4rtQMcHLGJ7F3KAdf-ebBnifmzmxw07CBSzMzuTOIjYfr_Z9T07-4G-dTmS6Pwr-sb37VxVSJIxLvZ_qh8Uf09vfbf35mRGmJ1_VRHWUpmQNccRO-rEaw/s320/1-Image%20(6)-001.jpg" width="320" /></a> <br /></div><p></p><p></p><p>Here is the floor plan:<span style="color: red;"> 2 rooms</span> with fireplaces, and sheds on both ends.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRiFnkVXRAslntJ2JxCtOEZNEql_e30fa2KOPK8QHZMy3bf46XL7ulBfLus1DgVX3WmQi0yfK2KBtr0idNrly6YJ_HyteX5IwJCZ_VGvgKZx7vzmEMWOn4PplRx3Z6pUB_XAvteGxvWLV8S3FVEf4RQnfWBSWgU5pvsFnecJBHSXOsmDXUyr053Jn0DQ/s1932/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="1932" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRiFnkVXRAslntJ2JxCtOEZNEql_e30fa2KOPK8QHZMy3bf46XL7ulBfLus1DgVX3WmQi0yfK2KBtr0idNrly6YJ_HyteX5IwJCZ_VGvgKZx7vzmEMWOn4PplRx3Z6pUB_XAvteGxvWLV8S3FVEf4RQnfWBSWgU5pvsFnecJBHSXOsmDXUyr053Jn0DQ/w500-h152/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" width="500" /></a></div>The daisy wheel progression begins with a length <b>A-B </b>which becomes the radius of a circle here lettered <b>C-A.</b><p></p><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p>The daisy wheel for this house begins with the left wall of the main house.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtNAe4HmFLJmPHTnmyz25O8Q_8rtNIzjcHda1xa8YYguYL6BbRxb1roZ--i8iDld1sr9_aTE7Ac0vA8J_JjmvB6NS-bj65AwEhSrNDgoUCg87BL3qAkKOr7sDaUpUV1c3Cm4gm0eIU1Rftj1UEcX8YYJGYUWC9nsFziARC8m4FfGfc6eD4Sd3v_On4Lw/s2167/1-Image%20(3)-003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1402" data-original-width="2167" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtNAe4HmFLJmPHTnmyz25O8Q_8rtNIzjcHda1xa8YYguYL6BbRxb1roZ--i8iDld1sr9_aTE7Ac0vA8J_JjmvB6NS-bj65AwEhSrNDgoUCg87BL3qAkKOr7sDaUpUV1c3Cm4gm0eIU1Rftj1UEcX8YYJGYUWC9nsFziARC8m4FfGfc6eD4Sd3v_On4Lw/s320/1-Image%20(3)-003.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>That wall's <span style="color: red;">width</span> is the radius, <span style="color: red;"><b><span style="color: black;">1-6.</span></b> </span><b>A</b> is the center of the <span style="color: red;"><b><span style="color: black;">circle</span></b><span style="color: black;">. The daisy wheel lays out the other 4 points, <b>2, 3, 4, 5.</b> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b> </b></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Lines </span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b>1-3</b></span></span><span style="color: red;"> <span style="color: black;">and</span> <span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="color: black;">6-4</span></b></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> are the sides of the house. </span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b>2-5, </b>the diameter of the circle, lays out the <span style="color: red;">interior wall.</span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b> </b></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"> </span><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPv-aoc0PJAFbDKye7gWjvQ2IZkmswKWiWj44Favn-Aw7Pm18ZmOokFP0gY6u_kCyogZNs8bl8U813RXVAeWqN7f9hqH7nFn_95AfEtsPDk-Wj2w0Pai7R58UyluLYN4ckIV5p-itPdygghqHH4d17c693gbd2UDsm5nstsLCcZ1hF7ZmhYWagI8cTIQ/s2500/1-Image-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1534" data-original-width="2500" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPv-aoc0PJAFbDKye7gWjvQ2IZkmswKWiWj44Favn-Aw7Pm18ZmOokFP0gY6u_kCyogZNs8bl8U813RXVAeWqN7f9hqH7nFn_95AfEtsPDk-Wj2w0Pai7R58UyluLYN4ckIV5p-itPdygghqHH4d17c693gbd2UDsm5nstsLCcZ1hF7ZmhYWagI8cTIQ/s320/1-Image-001.jpg" width="320" /></a></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Lines <b>1-5</b> and <b>2-4</b> can extend forever. Where is the right end wall of the house located? Where is <b>C</b>? <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">It's at the end of the circle, but that's only a point, not a line. 2 points are necessary to draw a line to mark the right end of his foundation and the floor of the house.</span></span></p><span style="color: red;"></span><p></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">If the carpenter extends his arcs he can quickly find the missing points. </span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Extend the arc centered at<b> 3</b><b> (2-A-4</b>) to <b>B. </b> The arc centered at <b>4</b> (<b>5-A-3)</b> crosses the earlier arc at <b>B</b>. He has 2 points:<b> A</b> and<b> B</b>, And can draw line <b>A-B</b>. </span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Now<b> C</b> is fixed at the intersection of <b>A-B</b>. <b>C </b>is the center of a new arc, <b>(7-A-8</b>). The extended arc from <b>5</b> (<b>6-A) </b>crosses at<b> 7. </b>Th<b>e</b><b> </b>arc<b> 2</b> (<b>1-A) </b>crosses at <b>8. 7-C-8 </b>locates the right wall.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b>C</b> also locates the center of the fireplace and the chimney. </span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">The daisy wheel is often dismissed as a design tool. It is flexible, quickly drawn, and accurate. <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">The
geometry comes from the first length - the width chosen by the owner
and builder for this house. That width, and the house, could be bigger or smaller to suit the owner's
needs and budget, as well as to the lumber available for joists and
rafters.</span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Once t</span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">he
carpenter decides on a width he uses one compass setting, one radius, for the
whole layout. Every point is checked. As the lines are marked, the diagonals can prove the layout to be true. </span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">If he drew a layout at a smaller scale, he could easily step off to full-sized construction dimensions with his compass. He could also draw the layout on the ground, stake the points and mark the wall locations with twine just as framers and masons do today. </span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Consider how the plan would be laid out if the circle is not used. Use a 10' pole - a common tool of the time. Each corner would need to be figured independently; every dimension stepped off separately, and with what accuracy? </span></span></p><p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">The daisy wheel locates all angles and lengths quickly. It has built-in checks from the beginning and as the layout progresses: if the circle doesn't close, the 6 points will be uneven, the arcs won't cross, the diagonals will not match. The layout will not be accurate. <br /></span></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqRPDoRdzynKgRmktlXaKPtJSqx6oLLxToNVqlUsv9z3C_TOfR5uwWLTrIO2eOmwn4_VTHhSxzbwOIvw3zIpIiI4eAlcZvJrObGyM3JmPk539jTrKxyrom-SsjVZdkd9N7Y6FbIvMvAROmQ1DkUhVbhMGMkDwankUVZI2gq7L-rj31nXyLjPiSMJqfDA/s2159/1-Image-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1367" data-original-width="2159" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqRPDoRdzynKgRmktlXaKPtJSqx6oLLxToNVqlUsv9z3C_TOfR5uwWLTrIO2eOmwn4_VTHhSxzbwOIvw3zIpIiI4eAlcZvJrObGyM3JmPk539jTrKxyrom-SsjVZdkd9N7Y6FbIvMvAROmQ1DkUhVbhMGMkDwankUVZI2gq7L-rj31nXyLjPiSMJqfDA/s320/1-Image-002.jpg" width="320" /></a> <br /></div><p></p><p></p><p> Both wings are 3/4/5 rectangles. See the left shed. The floor plans of wings were usually 3/4/5 rectangles so that they would sit square to the existing house. All the joists would then be the same length; as would be the rafters. <br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs2XU9ky2T5ivPvdZpzwkIU_VPEcRS6f-ieLVx7kcsG4gTFxMmxTInwtvLwfnX6GIlpmNb9jkLOYxnICYeKIJwOV-Z7VQJJnsza9_8XQRmRvTOvUBJqhl7b2CowU--nDjxww9W0GUil7s0x1i4IvYcilobAqzpyiP8YEFuvFsTx3jwEkrr9NOyWQFuWw/s3154/2-virginia%20vernacular_0002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1295" data-original-width="3154" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs2XU9ky2T5ivPvdZpzwkIU_VPEcRS6f-ieLVx7kcsG4gTFxMmxTInwtvLwfnX6GIlpmNb9jkLOYxnICYeKIJwOV-Z7VQJJnsza9_8XQRmRvTOvUBJqhl7b2CowU--nDjxww9W0GUil7s0x1i4IvYcilobAqzpyiP8YEFuvFsTx3jwEkrr9NOyWQFuWw/s320/2-virginia%20vernacular_0002.jpg" width="320" /></a> </p><p><br /></p><p>My earlier complex geometry 'works'; the lines are there.
But they don't give the basic information the builder needs: the dimensions of the
foundation, the floor plan, the size of the house.</p><p></p><p> <br /></p><p>*The Moore House, Fig. 31, Type 5, p, 77; the photograph: p.76. </p><p>Henry Glassie, <b><u>Folk Housing in Middle Virginia,</u></b> U Tennessee Press, 1975; plans, drawings and photographs by Henry Glassie. <br /></p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiivgCPOdGtEf5gJ_84oPVUn-CWW9g1l2hW2NHnGWblz6DRDSrzKW35Z3pB6qJ_6QQbI9nr96YBuWee5YSW9nmZAnlp4B13FhUl6y1A5jZlURms7tGBLOXIj0M3GiE6aZwbRVWAL9x_Zt6UFjpfnfaRG25iIEdPI8HwsO-5bwxT1Lase4_L0zQ6HQ2Aqg/s2198/1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /></div><br /><br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-43754296022880564502022-11-14T16:30:00.003-05:002023-06-01T13:40:30.717-04:00Virginia Folk Housing, Part 1, an update<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDtna6galIzzZLsNHI_4WHXqnBqpHHBMPB-6hYBzecHSvJtq-7CKu3SFb2-_VkE5qGeZ8-E3mWqaajY5wV2mAsEfKWwseZjQ3207WWm6PZVDGp6k0ju6wHw2pGX6FbQjk7eeUL88IsMJ8alnC1dvzB3lHZ1eccN_KlcqMReFBEufp2bUejaSsAmjR1AQ/s1514/3-virginia%20vernacular_0006.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="1514" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDtna6galIzzZLsNHI_4WHXqnBqpHHBMPB-6hYBzecHSvJtq-7CKu3SFb2-_VkE5qGeZ8-E3mWqaajY5wV2mAsEfKWwseZjQ3207WWm6PZVDGp6k0ju6wHw2pGX6FbQjk7eeUL88IsMJ8alnC1dvzB3lHZ1eccN_KlcqMReFBEufp2bUejaSsAmjR1AQ/w188-h143/3-virginia%20vernacular_0006.jpg" width="188" /></a></div><p>The house recorded by Henry Glassie in <b>Folk Housing in Middle Virginia</b> * were basic shelter for people with few resources. They may have been the first house for someone homesteading, built by a sharecropper or by someone enslaved. </p><p>This is Fig. 35, The Parrish House, a "small mid-eighteenth-century house of sawed logs", p. 84 in Glassie's book.*<br /><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidZV4OAoRD0xlsMyf6vMur2prB9Udm4-ULxC07PAVu_oWYQ2fgy0zaM2TU-xGvpHlCVoo4JPkyHObKkccrr6YyJrh8g7z7M2Dwylfd8L__0j2y1lHIBBvjMv2kb5AIan0BpVWdgkYpnyzTXJ7qUf01YouxmLHieUpUJkRBJAB9K7bVe5VZX20MOdoFLQ/s2621/1-virginia%20vernacular_0001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1940" data-original-width="2621" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidZV4OAoRD0xlsMyf6vMur2prB9Udm4-ULxC07PAVu_oWYQ2fgy0zaM2TU-xGvpHlCVoo4JPkyHObKkccrr6YyJrh8g7z7M2Dwylfd8L__0j2y1lHIBBvjMv2kb5AIan0BpVWdgkYpnyzTXJ7qUf01YouxmLHieUpUJkRBJAB9K7bVe5VZX20MOdoFLQ/w200-h148/1-virginia%20vernacular_0001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p> </p><p>The geometric diagrams I drew in May 2014,** were accurate but much too complex for these houses. More importantly they didn't begin as a carpenter would: with the size of the foundation and the floor plan. <br /></p><p> <br /></p><p></p><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiALOLMWVV2XaU--JJsuYfC9rk-xxx07J-CuLA2x3DhnoxIdPY5hAddrbuRh9NE9wcVDBn1BUoSwAvRlB-0YzjEna4zvxsZUmUveRNU6wAxEO14pIZedRVryW6iwYat6Hxhwffg9N4Hcu3WwtY3e1JDJEM_uvpyKNxNGwXfpmjyS73vwxBom2J3_n2L9g/s1468/1-Image%20(6).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1179" data-original-width="1468" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiALOLMWVV2XaU--JJsuYfC9rk-xxx07J-CuLA2x3DhnoxIdPY5hAddrbuRh9NE9wcVDBn1BUoSwAvRlB-0YzjEna4zvxsZUmUveRNU6wAxEO14pIZedRVryW6iwYat6Hxhwffg9N4Hcu3WwtY3e1JDJEM_uvpyKNxNGwXfpmjyS73vwxBom2J3_n2L9g/w180-h145/1-Image%20(6).jpg" width="180" /></a></div><p></p><p> A carpenter's first question is, " Why?" Then he asks, "How big? How long? How wide?" </p><p>The red line across the bottom of the floor plan is 'how long', about 21 ft. That distance can be the beginning of the layout, the first Line that determines all the others. <br /></p><p> </p><p></p><p>That Line can be the radius for a circle: </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7G9Q6vYWhjBep1yXd2BXKVb1HlhtLveZ0sq1QnWyu-7pvAwkDSk79biu1wMlYmGhc6OwPoqBNlf9aK3_iwsSZ9t-zQey6MnfQtUfCp2l_YimGfmg2y9DqggJCLO1oEoomOQFqfNlL4krWE6Zw53PaN744pTZsvTHGjdp4RPem-ARpbO8TIBqkMM9B-g/s598/1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="598" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7G9Q6vYWhjBep1yXd2BXKVb1HlhtLveZ0sq1QnWyu-7pvAwkDSk79biu1wMlYmGhc6OwPoqBNlf9aK3_iwsSZ9t-zQey6MnfQtUfCp2l_YimGfmg2y9DqggJCLO1oEoomOQFqfNlL4krWE6Zw53PaN744pTZsvTHGjdp4RPem-ARpbO8TIBqkMM9B-g/w184-h184/1-Image%20(2).jpg" width="184" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p>The arcs of the<b> Line A-B</b> cross at <span style="color: red;"><b>C</b></span>. That's the center of the circle for the layout of this house.</p><p>In the diagrams below: 1) <b>B-C </b>is the radius of the<b><span style="color: red;"> circle</span></b>. 2) Beginning with <b>B</b> on the <b>circumference</b> the<b> <span style="color: red;">arcs of the daisy wheel</span></b> are added. The 6 even spaced points around the circle <b>A, B, D, E, F, G </b> are located. <br /></p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyIPCzHTpNXwN8TS8L3pFgZbB_uZjUIXWn89OURWhD6a2J6LfK7J4ukFu95JNKCoS4NZ_jD-RUv8n-L0b3Z731wCrfEZUepsC4rCiapg5CTjHzHPo7FbhDNeBIIXYnitVXmAWhvc5KgeTdwlH8pJ2cm3p4x4IEebIu3otk3mBzAFAIf4kuWw65NTElIg/s1932/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="1932" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyIPCzHTpNXwN8TS8L3pFgZbB_uZjUIXWn89OURWhD6a2J6LfK7J4ukFu95JNKCoS4NZ_jD-RUv8n-L0b3Z731wCrfEZUepsC4rCiapg5CTjHzHPo7FbhDNeBIIXYnitVXmAWhvc5KgeTdwlH8pJ2cm3p4x4IEebIu3otk3mBzAFAIf4kuWw65NTElIg/w431-h132/1-Image%20(3)-002.jpg" width="431" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihfv7r9mOjJTD-9zRWnF5cSat4r9WpOB_4gGMlmeAQ4Zo2y3mH-29nP4M2F_7FRPsF4pDbU7OOEbWgeEQbqdNiAP71moA46FoDVvSvJxnL0fJCMD_kiwbnCZrP1e3thVCpJ0PSKu8BiBPsdoYWbCWg445Vlo7gAiTYEbF8O0tWLpql7-TM4ycR6PdOyQ/s1071/1-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1071" data-original-width="1068" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihfv7r9mOjJTD-9zRWnF5cSat4r9WpOB_4gGMlmeAQ4Zo2y3mH-29nP4M2F_7FRPsF4pDbU7OOEbWgeEQbqdNiAP71moA46FoDVvSvJxnL0fJCMD_kiwbnCZrP1e3thVCpJ0PSKu8BiBPsdoYWbCWg445Vlo7gAiTYEbF8O0tWLpql7-TM4ycR6PdOyQ/w199-h200/1-Image%20(3).jpg" width="199" /></a></div><br />Connect the Lines. <b>A-F</b> and <b>B-E</b> are perpendicular to <b>A-B</b>. <b>G-D</b> is the diameter. They mark the width and length of the <b><span style="color: red;">rectangle for the house plan.</span></b> If there is a question about accuracy, diagonals can be used to true the shape. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiFBE6cv5LX2r7_AodbbRG5deem49esj3uFR0lgprFx_9-JYSVOvUTX3B3WkvKFERSqNcVztaMZWtgK0-YJi69LHYpTFgyN_iMh4ILL5hJ2TEUFHB-7rKN0kb8CcBJC8adspdLqyyL1wbYovez1WDQXYp0Ddg0MZljGF1SRvoQfy0ONRF4y8ZB8dS47A/s2141/1-1-Image%20(5).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1719" data-original-width="2141" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiFBE6cv5LX2r7_AodbbRG5deem49esj3uFR0lgprFx_9-JYSVOvUTX3B3WkvKFERSqNcVztaMZWtgK0-YJi69LHYpTFgyN_iMh4ILL5hJ2TEUFHB-7rKN0kb8CcBJC8adspdLqyyL1wbYovez1WDQXYp0Ddg0MZljGF1SRvoQfy0ONRF4y8ZB8dS47A/s320/1-1-Image%20(5).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Here is the plan within its circle, the circle that begins with the carpenter's choice of width, his 'module'.<br /></p><p> <br /></p><p> </p><p><br /></p><p><i>The masonry block for the 2 chimneys is square, centered, and 1/3 of the width the house. Glassie's photograph shows a shed sheltering that fireplace.</i><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p> <br /></p><p>*Henry Glassie, <b><u>Folk Housing in Middle Virginia,</u></b> U Tennessee Press, 1975. The book includes more information, drawings, and a photograph of the house. It no longer exists. <br /></p><p>** The original post is here: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2014/04/18th-c-virginian-folk-houses.html</span>. Its companion, here: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2014/05/18th-c-virginian-folk-houses-part-2.html</span><br /></p><p>I considered deleting the 2 posts, but their existence brought a comment and question which prompted this update.</p><p>Also: <br /></p><p>As I read them I realize how much I have learned about geometry since 2014. I saw it and tried to explain it, just as Henry Glassie did in his Rules, Chapter IV, The Architectural Competence. <br /></p><p>When I began to study Practical Geometry there were no books, no one for discussions or critiques. I was teaching myself, reading early pattern books line by line. Laurie Smith was the only person I knew who saw geometry as I did, and he was in the UK. Later that year he came to the States; I took a workshop with him. I was able to work with him until his death last year. </p><p>I don't want this information to be lost again. I want others to find
it, question it, reject and/or improve upon my analysis, their own analysis, expand our understanding. </p><p> <br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-74324562559521694192022-10-05T10:53:00.001-04:002022-11-05T17:40:32.412-04:00Serlio's Lines<p></p> <b>Lines <br /></b><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtH_OgEgOffQVPFNQKChh1tHr25F9ZSn-LAS8_iWlf_htC1NcOhk2EOeLxhXuUA-MfbYdVNWiqPm-ierlRFhxYzqTTTLnajFNfeyZRwdjweyDZwmv-CH_n1Syuy0Mw9myv2zs4noA6_FMF5-bO5McjaJIH5BAlyd1vJcX_sKdkuGd1oXtDkUBNcD0s5w/s1659/1-1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1659" data-original-width="1658" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtH_OgEgOffQVPFNQKChh1tHr25F9ZSn-LAS8_iWlf_htC1NcOhk2EOeLxhXuUA-MfbYdVNWiqPm-ierlRFhxYzqTTTLnajFNfeyZRwdjweyDZwmv-CH_n1Syuy0Mw9myv2zs4noA6_FMF5-bO5McjaJIH5BAlyd1vJcX_sKdkuGd1oXtDkUBNcD0s5w/w320-h320/1-1-Image.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>That's the word they used. <b> Lines</b>. An important word, often capitalized. <b> </b></p><p></p><p>Sebastiano Serlio writes, ".... if the architect wants to build a temple door which is proportional to the place, he should take the width of the central body of the temple, that is the floor space - or between the walls if it is small, and between the pillars if it has transepts. From this width he should draw the same height which will make a perfect square. </p><p>... He should draw two diagonal lines and then the two other lines from the bottom corners to the top [center.] The "lines will form the opening of the door, and they will also enable the ornaments to be carved, as is shown... If 3 doors... were to be built in the face of a temple, the same proportions could be used in the smaller sides." * <br /></p><p>We use this word: "line". Usually we add helpful adjectives. <br /></p><p></p><u> Metaphoric lines</u>: "toe the line", "step over the line", life line; or bus and subway lines. <p></p><p><u>Demarcation lines</u>: fence line, property line, finish line, white line, sight line<i>.</i></p><p></p><p><u>Rope that becomes a line</u>: tow line, clothes line, fishing line, electric line. <br /></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieVCPOni-DPspLcFpBRMiJVDZxJh5zGiipM6XCSVnM7izKkiG-HvydLj1_fwbHVxch-1vfmNQql_pgs6BUsd-cgaVmpgRgdJVJf1FHvcxMcMZEewuPGxecafhNomtlA9Riq6BtftKKkEcgAn0ryktW7CgyWkEeRvtU89fm7VtF7bKYYTXMIsJPCZcjAg/s991/1-IMG-5630.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="991" data-original-width="883" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieVCPOni-DPspLcFpBRMiJVDZxJh5zGiipM6XCSVnM7izKkiG-HvydLj1_fwbHVxch-1vfmNQql_pgs6BUsd-cgaVmpgRgdJVJf1FHvcxMcMZEewuPGxecafhNomtlA9Riq6BtftKKkEcgAn0ryktW7CgyWkEeRvtU89fm7VtF7bKYYTXMIsJPCZcjAg/w178-h200/1-IMG-5630.jpg" width="178" /></a> <u>And in construction</u>: chalk line, plumb line. <i> </i></p><p><i>The line shown here can be either. a chalk line that can be rewound into the case, or a plumb line by hanging the line on a peg and using the case as the plumb bob.</i></p><p><i> </i>We check that a foundation, a frame is true with matching diagonal lines.<i><br /></i></p><p>There is also 'straight line', an oxymoron in geometry. </p><p> <br /></p><p>Serlio's definition is geometric; a line is "a straight and continuous representation from one point to another, having length without width." Here is his diagram shown above, rotated and then all 4 diagrams overlaid to make one 'star'.<br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGICsLUPN8RrofgjiJatwW-vQfD878-odBYfTKnfJEU4j-zJvKmslphLtNcPADhVx_lQB3rGnaCYIAfc02H3SLmy3NtSkpAIqWxfXXBLhfHHS1ez7GU261hM4xFb-qFoa5nPUobHes_4S6OpdwmgDsXxBNqTcnQ0EoXdZXjcrs6WoXJU9RQ-UnrNlR7A/s1504/1-Image-003.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="1504" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGICsLUPN8RrofgjiJatwW-vQfD878-odBYfTKnfJEU4j-zJvKmslphLtNcPADhVx_lQB3rGnaCYIAfc02H3SLmy3NtSkpAIqWxfXXBLhfHHS1ez7GU261hM4xFb-qFoa5nPUobHes_4S6OpdwmgDsXxBNqTcnQ0EoXdZXjcrs6WoXJU9RQ-UnrNlR7A/w505-h149/1-Image-003.jpg" width="505" /></a> <br /></div><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaBSCYYDaTCylC4yiLlbUHrl6asksCzMztg7axpSnYqSb3-rSNM-cln5fvap2QjdlmFDtm8tAY4A-8C8__XojOYNnhz_IoeL1-evOGibk1v8tHbwP6ht9vfvcfHIME6hGnhMig8soOjnp5O78yTS9c8AkXrdijJQqdf7q8jO_PBwoY6-Lkb3ie2lOpKg/s421/1-Image-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="421" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaBSCYYDaTCylC4yiLlbUHrl6asksCzMztg7axpSnYqSb3-rSNM-cln5fvap2QjdlmFDtm8tAY4A-8C8__XojOYNnhz_IoeL1-evOGibk1v8tHbwP6ht9vfvcfHIME6hGnhMig8soOjnp5O78yTS9c8AkXrdijJQqdf7q8jO_PBwoY6-Lkb3ie2lOpKg/w182-h182/1-Image-002.jpg" width="182" /></a></div><p>He ends <b>Book I: On Geometry</b>, " However, honest reader, although
<b> the things resulting from the various intersections of lines is
infinite,</b> to avoid being long-winded I shall come to an end." </p><p> Do we, in 2022, know what these words, <b>the various intersections </b>of lines<b> </b>mean? What<b> results</b> from them?</p><p>The easiest answer is the lines can divide a rectangle or trapezoid in half, vertically or horizontally, or in 3, 4, 5, 6 (etc.) equal parts.</p><p>Any 2 points can establish a line, so lines can create simple or complex patterns. <br /></p><p>Here is one of Serlio's designs that begins with a square and its diagonals. Every dimension on the plan comes from that initial diagram. <br /></p><p></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir4CxdMQ0DPuGGIElZQgVFkgu6O6PpCUSc8bv3hOCmU6AqeBfPbGUeNBxsyFmNnXkdimhMFsBseID92R4-sKlzkD-F0I72cqcs_oSc8SNaehGWZniN7HZAXHH4L1qUUlwgHN5He7jk3BQ0G_GPC93CPYaJd4THJKOvsYr_8sfZIknh3Vxd-FKEfVL0ig/s1824/1-Image%20(2)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1824" data-original-width="1824" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir4CxdMQ0DPuGGIElZQgVFkgu6O6PpCUSc8bv3hOCmU6AqeBfPbGUeNBxsyFmNnXkdimhMFsBseID92R4-sKlzkD-F0I72cqcs_oSc8SNaehGWZniN7HZAXHH4L1qUUlwgHN5He7jk3BQ0G_GPC93CPYaJd4THJKOvsYr_8sfZIknh3Vxd-FKEfVL0ig/w400-h400/1-Image%20(2)-001.jpg" width="400" /></a></p><p>This villa comes from Serlio's <b>Book VI</b>: <b>On Geometry</b>, titled:<b> Treatise: On Domestic Architecture,</b><i> </i>written c. 1545-9<i>, Plate XXXVIII, Project 28</i>, of 73 plates.</p><p>Serlio drew in the lines for his readers.They were not laid out first. The lines come from the geometry. The placement of columns, walls, openings come from the "various intersections of lines". <br /></p><p><i>He also gives dimensions: those little hatch marks in the center. </i></p><p><i> </i><br /></p><p>Here's the geometry:<br /></p><p></p><p></p><p>The plan is a square. It is divided into 4 parts horizontally and vertically - 16 equal squares. the top row is: 1 square, 2 squares, 1 square. The bottom row matches it. The vertical rows also repeat the pattern: square, double square, square. The center space is 'left over' - 2 squares x 2 squares. That space is divided into 9 equal squares. The columns mark the intersections.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxJWSeI80A8dNqCG5gClJykM_3UgWhb5JoclXqcFQkqUxRZsdwC_yq_ZMdv3hHLFrTON193waiO2wngLo9UOAnNwMrZ8J_mIY9FY4L-p7iNLvoNEAwKV5zwJlw5IyJV9BUi6FyZjaMeFPa6NFqbEAviUXl_Z3LPAVdAYElz5tQoArjwILPMDDh3rRO7Q/s1459/1-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1459" data-original-width="1458" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxJWSeI80A8dNqCG5gClJykM_3UgWhb5JoclXqcFQkqUxRZsdwC_yq_ZMdv3hHLFrTON193waiO2wngLo9UOAnNwMrZ8J_mIY9FY4L-p7iNLvoNEAwKV5zwJlw5IyJV9BUi6FyZjaMeFPa6NFqbEAviUXl_Z3LPAVdAYElz5tQoArjwILPMDDh3rRO7Q/w200-h200/1-Image%20(3).jpg" width="200" /></a></div> <p></p><p>All of this can be easily laid out with Lines. The diagonals neatly cross the corners of the structure and the 4 columns in the central room. <br />The Lines Serlio used<i> (shown above)</i> to locate the door can also be laid out here. They cross at the center of the walls.<br /></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPml0uG5r4XA20NlCpjbotMSJBJ1p4qDvG7zlbUKo6PmlZoTKatftD0V9VoM5EFw-gi3--3Z0MdaZo9e1VYMdrcIjlBuu0D0DerPEf53YJt5Je_dGxRL677vMGxHZkD72ws1ha6chnkr6SfhR8K80AmaMZg4UrcEpMnZyGT5HJTTcL3ujn3ivtvGlvg/s1463/1-Image%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1463" data-original-width="1462" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHPml0uG5r4XA20NlCpjbotMSJBJ1p4qDvG7zlbUKo6PmlZoTKatftD0V9VoM5EFw-gi3--3Z0MdaZo9e1VYMdrcIjlBuu0D0DerPEf53YJt5Je_dGxRL677vMGxHZkD72ws1ha6chnkr6SfhR8K80AmaMZg4UrcEpMnZyGT5HJTTcL3ujn3ivtvGlvg/w200-h200/1-Image%20(4).jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p>Serlio drew the lines that show the widths of walls, openings, and columns. How did he knows where those lines should be? I followed his lead.<br /></p><p>His design is a square: I drew squares. I located the center of each side of the plan and added the Lines from center point to center point. This divided the plan into 4 smaller squares. Now there were 4 points of intersection, plus the one in the center.</p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_O2eb7MX89PVmQZK3gh3QUMJZ1UhVE0f-4URobMYWA2ZBKntJPN7iVhB0NM-tkF5Omt56VEOSL9ENBV2vT5KP9JJSdOBreKOX3mmbeQO_7AI80_rD07veLowV5xazurkJWIakH4FnEPFqAs6GDq5v3Em9cA-9-Kg9DsdN5kGuCJzibxsyM0qCYi61lQ/s1409/1-Image-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1409" data-original-width="1407" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_O2eb7MX89PVmQZK3gh3QUMJZ1UhVE0f-4URobMYWA2ZBKntJPN7iVhB0NM-tkF5Omt56VEOSL9ENBV2vT5KP9JJSdOBreKOX3mmbeQO_7AI80_rD07veLowV5xazurkJWIakH4FnEPFqAs6GDq5v3Em9cA-9-Kg9DsdN5kGuCJzibxsyM0qCYi61lQ/w400-h400/1-Image-001.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <p></p><p>These points allowed more Lines to be added.</p><p>The Lines laid out the wall locations. They are at the back of the niches and the fireplaces. They told the mason where to begin his work. He could add the decorative niches, pilasters and mantles in front of the structure. The fireplace flues would line up. </p><p> </p><p><i>Don't miss the wonderful details: the circular stair - lower left - is at an intersection. The main stair fits neatly into the lower left square, the octagon room in the lower right.</i><br /> <br /></p><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtR8Pd9m5X3mhcbQqX2T2q76n1fsOd79Bab_wBRVhR1C_rC7ottzCkhxTuJVgiya4Ht_TZ6hGSb0ysX25uLrUQvRX-swWfQdiIgFau5s4J--FV723sAfkd5g3RajMqd0mI_f55DSgDxODGJ5zTohjrnczwXioGumkZh6tcGGJg-WCMtGwZYTsXbMaLzw/s1786/1-Image%20(2)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1786" data-original-width="1785" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtR8Pd9m5X3mhcbQqX2T2q76n1fsOd79Bab_wBRVhR1C_rC7ottzCkhxTuJVgiya4Ht_TZ6hGSb0ysX25uLrUQvRX-swWfQdiIgFau5s4J--FV723sAfkd5g3RajMqd0mI_f55DSgDxODGJ5zTohjrnczwXioGumkZh6tcGGJg-WCMtGwZYTsXbMaLzw/w200-h200/1-Image%20(2)-001.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p>So, the columns?</p><p> The Lines - the diagonals that Serlio used in his drawing for locating the door - locate the columns. They are on the 'third points' in the space: dividing the center hall into 9 squares.</p><p><i>This is a simplified version of the star I drew above. It is the 'Rule of Thirds' that we use when we compose images on our cell phones, that artists consider when they compose a painting.</i><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ7Am8fd_695TioPx80tNS4Rt7FSy-rO1t_VqDnqUzxUfcR1KFWaDjbS_Tcpjgp7otd6p_EF-CLC53BlVG19yM-gdTsay2tI4yxyXr6YgtNGeY1blk8qfCgmex_Ut7w7l6WpPqJFNvqGtvFBGiHIlmaKmIgjW8L_H-VzkmI_ST36bEE7nwfSRRQ70-zA/s782/1-1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="781" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ7Am8fd_695TioPx80tNS4Rt7FSy-rO1t_VqDnqUzxUfcR1KFWaDjbS_Tcpjgp7otd6p_EF-CLC53BlVG19yM-gdTsay2tI4yxyXr6YgtNGeY1blk8qfCgmex_Ut7w7l6WpPqJFNvqGtvFBGiHIlmaKmIgjW8L_H-VzkmI_ST36bEE7nwfSRRQ70-zA/s320/1-1-Image.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> </p><p> </p><p> Here is a detail showing how the Lines of the column locations are extended into the loggia 'G'. The Lines determine the placement of the outer side of the square columns. The center space - where G is on the center of 5 Lines - is divided into 4 spaces, easily done using the star. 2 of the spaces equal the opening between the columns, 1 is the width of the columns. Note that the width of the columns is also the width of the walls. <br /></p><p>Each dimension comes directly from the first geometry, the square and its diagonals.<br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAv2TO6w0mC3CGrdFLpmqmQubItWTT0MImWm4lRF5uV5ZoVmw0nijfIjK9lr6KykmYQN-KQ9kY8KvmdT8YaP5ZyDu3RzggEoCfqGZCaZ-c5iyJrgogiqqWP7lzQRHB9mqbi-FzHHiMfU_2f57GlEUJdX1TpO4E0OrjNg971m8lNExlArhP3pWc3Nobmw/s2438/1-Image-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2438" data-original-width="2433" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAv2TO6w0mC3CGrdFLpmqmQubItWTT0MImWm4lRF5uV5ZoVmw0nijfIjK9lr6KykmYQN-KQ9kY8KvmdT8YaP5ZyDu3RzggEoCfqGZCaZ-c5iyJrgogiqqWP7lzQRHB9mqbi-FzHHiMfU_2f57GlEUJdX1TpO4E0OrjNg971m8lNExlArhP3pWc3Nobmw/w399-h400/1-Image-002.jpg" width="399" /></a></div><p> <br /></p><p>The Front Elevation! </p><p> </p><p>That simple layout creates the structure of the villa. Visually the walls became a backdrop for columns, arches, niches, friezes, lintels, dormers, balconies. However it is the geometry which holds all those pieces together. <br /></p><p>Note that those square columns, here on the front of the house, have round pilasters added to their front sides, with doubled pilasters on the corners. And don't miss the chimneys! <br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>* Sebastiano Serlio, <b>Book I: On Geometry</b>, See my bibliography: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2019/06/bibliography-includiung-websites.html</span><br /></p><p> <b>Book VI</b>: <b>On Geometry</b>,<b> On Domestic Architecture, </b>A Dover Publication edition, 1996, of work originally published by The Architectural History Foundation, NY, and the MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1978.<i> </i></p>Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-54819845415434138442022-09-26T18:20:00.002-04:002022-09-29T18:22:57.136-04:00The Geometry of Ionic volutes, as drawn by those who used them <br /><p></p><p></p><p>Ionic volutes, those curly ends of Ionic capitals, with these wonderful curves! <br />How were they drawn? </p><p>This post began as an exploration of the use of practical geometry vs. the use of the golden section in construction. In all my research I found no references to the golden section as a construction tool.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitbeNYTOdEWNywj_crUekvITgddjhnF6u0_e9SGCaiJg6KhIM4wxCMtfGS2lz0IPTyZhNItZG3SZgDTDXQAnhYwSQ4lUyXsA-aQxw7ZZUhpAesssa1UXDB4V8LYXqb6BHfddMu6eAUGOFR4WpRSE8ybssRdhrvwLcJnhegDc9GvJKshviOExa-K7sP8g/s3188/1-1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3188" data-original-width="2464" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitbeNYTOdEWNywj_crUekvITgddjhnF6u0_e9SGCaiJg6KhIM4wxCMtfGS2lz0IPTyZhNItZG3SZgDTDXQAnhYwSQ4lUyXsA-aQxw7ZZUhpAesssa1UXDB4V8LYXqb6BHfddMu6eAUGOFR4WpRSE8ybssRdhrvwLcJnhegDc9GvJKshviOExa-K7sP8g/s320/1-1-Image.jpg" width="247" /></a></div>So, what to do with the images and descriptions I found? Write about them!<br /><p></p><p></p><p>Here are the instructions, written by the designers, master builders, architects, and those who used these volutes. </p><p></p>First, of course, is Vitruvius. He writes, in the 1st c. BCE, "As for the drawings of volutes so they are properly coiled with the use of a compass, and the way they are drawn, the form and the principal of these will be set down at the end of the book.' * <p></p><p>Unfortunately, those drawings at the end of his book are lost. </p><p>Beginning about 1540, many architects, builders, historians, professional and amateur, measured the Ionic volutes still extant, those created during the Greek and Roman empires.<br /></p><p>Giacomo
Barozzi de la Vignola published his engravings in 1562. The
illustration is from the English translation of Vignola by John
Leeke in 1669. Vignola begins by noting the reference lines and then the
small square in the circle in the upper right corner of the page, 'A'.
"Having drawn the Cathetus (the vertical guideline) of this first voluta
and the other line S square to it, the said eye is divided in the
manner expressed above in the figure A..." 17 lines, total, all quite
easy to follow.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm6bARLqL5o0vaZTsjo86AhP0KGUJsa81IHmOTnoZzO6hi5eGjEWC2nLuCQaH8PueI1Z04JGEqyEzeAvDBhX2UyaTqH4L9WlCE6m5NtFE7Q2cBfYLnNjaxdz87wBUIfFWxkgX7QmcSnmP9dMSAPvt50eltkoVHCVPEdFfIRXdoiSfYQui7zAtgsQlRWg/s983/3-IMG-6337.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="958" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm6bARLqL5o0vaZTsjo86AhP0KGUJsa81IHmOTnoZzO6hi5eGjEWC2nLuCQaH8PueI1Z04JGEqyEzeAvDBhX2UyaTqH4L9WlCE6m5NtFE7Q2cBfYLnNjaxdz87wBUIfFWxkgX7QmcSnmP9dMSAPvt50eltkoVHCVPEdFfIRXdoiSfYQui7zAtgsQlRWg/w195-h200/3-IMG-6337.jpg" width="195" /></a><br /></div><p></p><p></p><p> </p><p>Andrea Palladio and Sebastiano Serlio worked at the same time as Vignola and probably knew him. </p><p></p><p> Here is Palladio's drawing in his <b>4 Books of Architecture</b>, First Book, Plate IXX, 1570. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP8RPg4pyc57SgID7lrlhIuVMDcDeKH-OwHEsg7kAx9QeFIGMdoFuK0BBn0OPZ3ogI6SE-nBgqaKsWs-cXg7XXt4D2ZNcFbHEoLsog-cZJRbXXDEJe1Uh0FfMVE0sssveeONL8PbsR59ZD_cu3pT-5S_Y3cX-nSP8VR0OneImFg4oNtJPjzCB44oEylg/s969/1-34378E1C-61AF-4A40-BC07-C5D72C1E1C1C.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="969" data-original-width="944" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP8RPg4pyc57SgID7lrlhIuVMDcDeKH-OwHEsg7kAx9QeFIGMdoFuK0BBn0OPZ3ogI6SE-nBgqaKsWs-cXg7XXt4D2ZNcFbHEoLsog-cZJRbXXDEJe1Uh0FfMVE0sssveeONL8PbsR59ZD_cu3pT-5S_Y3cX-nSP8VR0OneImFg4oNtJPjzCB44oEylg/w195-h200/1-34378E1C-61AF-4A40-BC07-C5D72C1E1C1C.JPG" width="195" /></a><br /></div><p></p><p>Serlio's <b>On Architecture</b>, was written before 1550. Serlio takes 32 lines to explain how to draw the volute. He includes, "This matter (as I said) consists more in the practice than in the art because making it diminish both to a greater or lesser extent is dependent on the architect's judgement in placing the point of the compass a little higher or a little lower. The size of the band should not always be all the same."</p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p>If you look carefully at Vignola, Palladio and Serlio's drawings, you will see that they do not quite
agree about the location of those 2 first lines, the cathetus and its
perpendicular. They probably had measured different volutes. Later writers mention which volutes they think to be most perfect. <br /></p><p>Serlio's treatise was translated from Italian to Dutch to English in 1611. A complete English translation of Palladio wasn't available until after 1715. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYQ1qjQeZPjx0DMfD7oaAA5UMhnKi4ybMDwc1g-ht-Kndy_hMCR6d1JT7VBgYz3HyCNwjU7IY2qPggkeyMmh22AQIqlCSsqnMT2P66wiBHzFraonJCxyfk2cJn-9U16d2kWI5xp-UQ-o5q4uAzxbmRBfipV6wo2LymToYHMsghWXUgQAv_V5UGBDM_wA/s1261/4-IMG-6348.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1261" data-original-width="1122" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYQ1qjQeZPjx0DMfD7oaAA5UMhnKi4ybMDwc1g-ht-Kndy_hMCR6d1JT7VBgYz3HyCNwjU7IY2qPggkeyMmh22AQIqlCSsqnMT2P66wiBHzFraonJCxyfk2cJn-9U16d2kWI5xp-UQ-o5q4uAzxbmRBfipV6wo2LymToYHMsghWXUgQAv_V5UGBDM_wA/w178-h200/4-IMG-6348.jpg" width="178" /></a></div><p> </p><p>Batty Langely's<b> The Builder's Director or Bench-Mate,</b> was published in 1745, London, a compilation of "all that is useful to Workmen,... and at so easy a Rate, as to be purchased by any common Labourer." He includes variations for Ionic capitals: 'modern' and 'ancient' all of which are explained by 'Minutes and Parts'. This is his first drawing of 6.<br /></p><p>Batty Langley's books continued to be published after his death in 1751, and were available in the Colonies.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIsgMB3OyiFnhAecbVc2k_X-86HR3F_wM50bDsG_0L4jMRHBMyaglKntZTbBKNsNvEVR7zajDmCtG1EiL2B1hdJZdukCZrYILhlBIwYF23L9euCb-1XA3g-3mibJaMRXPP0EyHsOAT62KrK-UBYTLk_AU3gCIs1H7xQ4rOwJT-OxijXtAQ5EGepsCtAA/s1244/5-IMG-6349.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1244" data-original-width="1167" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIsgMB3OyiFnhAecbVc2k_X-86HR3F_wM50bDsG_0L4jMRHBMyaglKntZTbBKNsNvEVR7zajDmCtG1EiL2B1hdJZdukCZrYILhlBIwYF23L9euCb-1XA3g-3mibJaMRXPP0EyHsOAT62KrK-UBYTLk_AU3gCIs1H7xQ4rOwJT-OxijXtAQ5EGepsCtAA/w177-h188/5-IMG-6349.jpg" width="177" /></a></div> <p></p><p>William Pain published similar 'practical builder' pattern books at about the same time. Here is his Plate XVI from<b> The</b> <b>Practical House Carpenter, or Youth's Instruction</b>, London, 1794, for volutes with parts. He writes that he has included " ... all the measures figured for practice: to draw it, set the compasses at the angle a in the profile..." He rewrites the earlier instructions given by others and reminds the reader again that he has included "the measures all figured for practice."<br /></p><p> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2t0df4nkgrdFD8XMDzNM9e_qTgQhSZ9N-wJuLHacinHd7RCOh4mkg8Yl0KdUa0cjzHbJk2rS04ky8J5o_NqogE6mVJyWd1iM5dKK2CVSYYztO7JB29Zw118nYWO1C3ZnHT8vE78jaL7a4wU0rU2VyZdfQq1Xj3DN8nnosDEU72ByHLH5e1wOxbs5LQw/s1582/1-1-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1582" data-original-width="1211" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2t0df4nkgrdFD8XMDzNM9e_qTgQhSZ9N-wJuLHacinHd7RCOh4mkg8Yl0KdUa0cjzHbJk2rS04ky8J5o_NqogE6mVJyWd1iM5dKK2CVSYYztO7JB29Zw118nYWO1C3ZnHT8vE78jaL7a4wU0rU2VyZdfQq1Xj3DN8nnosDEU72ByHLH5e1wOxbs5LQw/w153-h200/1-1-Image%20(3).jpg" width="153" /></a></div> <p></p><p> </p><p> Owen Biddle's pattern book, <b>The Young Carpenter's Assistant,</b> 1805, Philadelphia, includes these less flowerly drawings and instructions. </p><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p> <br /><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisL9KQDS5sLsOdfuI28u-g_By1ZNd-ySf_jyqtP6XC3yj3f24r2NI5wKi4yQ01sIE_LUmVU49QUPDE_gFA-hHH7e470Pbh6Xa5pMgjodt-uiQV1eJW77N-y74os8MvlegNiGpsIG161xqTQgGjXXURQqHOtUUwGKqTpI8I9IjFMV3-GgBJx3RO2YdhDA/s1075/1-2-4AD1D7F3-7280-4C90-B6FB-77B492632ECF.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1073" data-original-width="1075" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisL9KQDS5sLsOdfuI28u-g_By1ZNd-ySf_jyqtP6XC3yj3f24r2NI5wKi4yQ01sIE_LUmVU49QUPDE_gFA-hHH7e470Pbh6Xa5pMgjodt-uiQV1eJW77N-y74os8MvlegNiGpsIG161xqTQgGjXXURQqHOtUUwGKqTpI8I9IjFMV3-GgBJx3RO2YdhDA/w162-h161/1-2-4AD1D7F3-7280-4C90-B6FB-77B492632ECF.JPG" width="162" /></a></div> <p></p><p> </p><p> Asher Benjamin's <b>American Builder's Companion,</b> originally published in 1804, includes similar diagrams.</p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhROH7CgNmSCT60T9WWbOuNOfiG2SHZ930o_z-01S50CVla-8zN_zNmHSz3nirgHw7vedJnMjr0Oqu0eFJm9mmRuOqol_BiflNMF2fW1dJEiadA8wvrfhknoG8YQRoLIwa-XhaTMs-zT-F0LmFPYiThXFnGERnh9HBdu-KQvTnT04_tkh4ro0PTnixcIQ/s1725/1-Image%20(6).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1719" data-original-width="1725" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhROH7CgNmSCT60T9WWbOuNOfiG2SHZ930o_z-01S50CVla-8zN_zNmHSz3nirgHw7vedJnMjr0Oqu0eFJm9mmRuOqol_BiflNMF2fW1dJEiadA8wvrfhknoG8YQRoLIwa-XhaTMs-zT-F0LmFPYiThXFnGERnh9HBdu-KQvTnT04_tkh4ro0PTnixcIQ/w200-h199/1-Image%20(6).jpg" width="200" /></a></div> <p></p><p></p><p>However, his revised 1827 edition includes the drawing above and also this diagram. <b>"Plate F,</b> <i>From the Inside of the Portico of the Temple of Minerva, at Athens." </i></p><p><i>"</i>Fig. 1. Volute of the capital, with the measurements in feet, inches, tenths, hundredths, & etc."</p><p>A footnote explains how to read Feet, Inches "and the decimal parts". </p><p> <br /> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJnIPLpiYh4nEB9LkKQZV3cooqyCXq-7NSgKeQm8E20Ie-ZaoOfXkhcD-SClM8FX0BNBMc65WohPEI5_uBNfERMzBUs1I7fu8uYGMXCFtsDOVyocua0OrOmX6xdtrMenDUaYHEUGxE9T1nlRac9LrVXWSE2pMxWWrhgP1CHHKvO2-HL4RIzj_eOkj1Mg/s1563/1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1389" data-original-width="1563" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJnIPLpiYh4nEB9LkKQZV3cooqyCXq-7NSgKeQm8E20Ie-ZaoOfXkhcD-SClM8FX0BNBMc65WohPEI5_uBNfERMzBUs1I7fu8uYGMXCFtsDOVyocua0OrOmX6xdtrMenDUaYHEUGxE9T1nlRac9LrVXWSE2pMxWWrhgP1CHHKvO2-HL4RIzj_eOkj1Mg/w200-h178/1-Image%20(2).jpg" width="200" /></a><b> <br /></b></div><p></p><p><b>The Architect, or Complete Builder's Guide</b>, written in 1839, has this drawing, Plate X. Asher Benjamin notes, "The carver will find it to his advantage to imitate these drawings faithfully, and thus escape the censure deservedly cast upon the many clumsy, awkward productions of this capital, which may be seen in both town and country." </p><p> Benjamin's books were published through the 1850's. <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5HjtKiwM-d6DWoRKm8P4lv8yX6kwzaDe5O8RZ-N6qxLOox7a2XBlpYAWt2MlbkVkUbsw1xvX8_ObG_vucRhp7lykFyaULfNC-iJx4hHSL_1_kiHZ5LnegJGGZOuFXx3XmoPC2YgXvHjAzlYWy3SCKBvRnk8VzAezzmviTP3WEYQD39OYUTv_OZCupng/s395/1-IMG_E9178.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="395" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5HjtKiwM-d6DWoRKm8P4lv8yX6kwzaDe5O8RZ-N6qxLOox7a2XBlpYAWt2MlbkVkUbsw1xvX8_ObG_vucRhp7lykFyaULfNC-iJx4hHSL_1_kiHZ5LnegJGGZOuFXx3XmoPC2YgXvHjAzlYWy3SCKBvRnk8VzAezzmviTP3WEYQD39OYUTv_OZCupng/w200-h134/1-IMG_E9178.JPG" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p></p><p> </p><p>Then there's a break - I've found no English language 'how-to' pattern <br />book instructions on volutes during the height of the Industrial Revolution. <br />Ionic volutes were used: here on c.1896 porch columns. Probably these were created by craftsmen for a company which specialized in plaster and wood composites. They are probably available today.<br /></p><p> <br /></p><p></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg3e_-s0-5MNc7cymwEjZnNob3XPSO_EUuLuK-cWZ84koT1mU0nZDDRwO_DtEk4J6qj2IeVmzk6f1HpBHzTFaP0VIYleDRce0odnuu1xNqTi-sYZ85HQgd-M1cLjBcUeWZ-oNLdtrsbiSxfq5OfkarzUFll6feVQGTmQovAY4kEfr2GHjRSjw9zOLBUw/s408/1-IMG-6332.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="408" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg3e_-s0-5MNc7cymwEjZnNob3XPSO_EUuLuK-cWZ84koT1mU0nZDDRwO_DtEk4J6qj2IeVmzk6f1HpBHzTFaP0VIYleDRce0odnuu1xNqTi-sYZ85HQgd-M1cLjBcUeWZ-oNLdtrsbiSxfq5OfkarzUFll6feVQGTmQovAY4kEfr2GHjRSjw9zOLBUw/w186-h173/1-IMG-6332.jpg" width="186" /></a> </p><p>In 1903, in <b>The American Vignola, </b>William Ware describes how to construct a volute, "The vertical line a
b, Fig 91, through the center of the eye of the Volute, and the
horizontal line c d, will mark in the circumference of the eye the four
corners of the square within which a fret whose angles may serves as
centers..."* </p><p>6 sentences; 22 lines of instructions. This is a small drawing at the bottom corner of a page.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJP5X-OdMJh49ulj1-9Q_C3uO5B-8nbNZKTDsBircq9_vZ1gz6deRhYD5NLrLSJVSBbV_GG7SXjB0J9uqyXc5YI1GcbogHkFI7wAaQscI-aqq4IKrgqLcZqRwpg-OgeZ2xWX91yVBi8gvtjlS3TXJvtTUEnvTMN-ScpXv3H_BLwXNmjdq-KWaD8MpBhg/s1440/1-1-176BD777-E3B5-4857-8151-846E01361F5F.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1440" data-original-width="1403" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJP5X-OdMJh49ulj1-9Q_C3uO5B-8nbNZKTDsBircq9_vZ1gz6deRhYD5NLrLSJVSBbV_GG7SXjB0J9uqyXc5YI1GcbogHkFI7wAaQscI-aqq4IKrgqLcZqRwpg-OgeZ2xWX91yVBi8gvtjlS3TXJvtTUEnvTMN-ScpXv3H_BLwXNmjdq-KWaD8MpBhg/w277-h284/1-1-176BD777-E3B5-4857-8151-846E01361F5F.JPG" width="277" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p><b>Architectural Graphic Standards' </b>first edition was published in 1932. This page in every edition I own: 2nd -1936, 3rd -1941, 4th -1953, 5th - 1966, but not the 8th - 1988. </p><p>The pages are quite yellow - I've toned them down here to make them more legible.<br /><br /></p><p></p><p></p><br /><p></p><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAL7_4-IHddODX8KptRlfIAEv58a5BXMP-y6Oyu6m9_Ne9RW9CcS1ZenjTQit2M65v6LNId0spPJj26RHpNgDA238zu8B13IuehKYReUp2tkYrWHffLep5-njiIq2HHA83kOId2ssYEY-e1cHfjMpqY6OXi8XbdliyAqvjF5RhKAIn_tnMW_pcXwYNQw/s2225/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2225" data-original-width="2223" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAL7_4-IHddODX8KptRlfIAEv58a5BXMP-y6Oyu6m9_Ne9RW9CcS1ZenjTQit2M65v6LNId0spPJj26RHpNgDA238zu8B13IuehKYReUp2tkYrWHffLep5-njiIq2HHA83kOId2ssYEY-e1cHfjMpqY6OXi8XbdliyAqvjF5RhKAIn_tnMW_pcXwYNQw/s320/1-Image.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p> </p><p>The 8th edition of <b>Architectural Graphic Standards,</b> 1988, no longer dedicated a page to Ionic details. </p><p>The last 2 pages of the book, titled <span style="font-family: verdana;">Classical Orders</span> at the top and<span style="font-family: verdana;"> CLASSIC ORDERS <span style="font-family: trebuchet;">at the bottom</span></span>, are a crowded introduction to centuries of architecture. </p><p>Here's about 2/3 of the second sheet. The architects who complied the page are credited not their sources. <br /><br /> <br /></p><p>Do I have a conclusion? Not really. </p><p>I looked for the Golden Section and didn't find it. I read convoluted and simple language as people who knew construction explained with words how to draw something complex. Many descriptions expected experience using compasses. I appreciated the authors who said, "Practice!" Words help; they are not a substitute for drawing. </p><p>Books not listed here are in my bibliography: </p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2019/06/bibliography-includiung-websites.html</span></p><p>Asher Benjamin, <b>Practice of Architecture and The Builder's Guide</b>, new introduction by Thomas Gordon Smith, De Capo Press, New York, 1994. <br /></p><p>Batty Langley, <b>The Builder's Director or Bench-Mate,</b> published first in 1754, London, reprint, publisher unlisted. </p><p>William Pain, <b>The</b> <b>Practical House Carpenter, or Youth's Instruction</b>, London, 1794. reprint by Dover Publications. <br /></p><p>Ramsey/Sleeper, <b>Architectural Graphic Standards,</b> John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York</p><p>Giacomo Barozzi daVignola, <b>Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture,</b> John Leeke, translator, published by William Sherwin, London, 1669.</p><p>Vitruvius, <b>Ten Books on Architecture</b>, edited by Ingrid D. Rowland, Thomas Noble Howe, Cambridge University Press, 1999<br /></p><p>*Wm. R. Ware, <b>The American Vignola,</b> 1903, Dover Publications, 1994, p. 30. </p><p>*Book 3, Chapter 5, paragraph 8, translation by Ingrid D. Rowland; <b>Viruvius, 10 Books on Architecture</b>, Ingrid D. Rowland and Thomas Nobel Howe, Editors, Cambridge University Press, 1999.</p><p><br /></p><br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-62859514452674587302022-07-27T12:26:00.059-04:002022-08-14T19:45:17.816-04:00The Baptist Church of Streetsboro, Ohio, Part 1<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0mP4LF1JjlOHiIJCPkYqwILDwfQguaa3MmefAK40nQtE1e9aW2LgdtU1vOsFDrEDMdLPPiB4GDDS3sBL7aeROGFMZGRqwMx7UyL6Fx-CwGNEeE_tefDpzVU1cAFJOpdUZn5WWKNzO1aIU/s1600/hale+village+church+%25282%2529.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1181" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0mP4LF1JjlOHiIJCPkYqwILDwfQguaa3MmefAK40nQtE1e9aW2LgdtU1vOsFDrEDMdLPPiB4GDDS3sBL7aeROGFMZGRqwMx7UyL6Fx-CwGNEeE_tefDpzVU1cAFJOpdUZn5WWKNzO1aIU/s320/hale+village+church+%25282%2529.jpg" width="236" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgPAUM57TWSzSP4z5Eh2v_vhimhhBKvLQBkb5TjAXxmEQqk0enzwjh8dHVqBFt2LB2Od26TXxOcd24-JCP0uhWEz_avlWjtQXrYjuoqbYw1AHG6Sz1R0NSSFBto1m1AlnEpnpzFcaGcQpz/s1600/HABS0002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1265" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgPAUM57TWSzSP4z5Eh2v_vhimhhBKvLQBkb5TjAXxmEQqk0enzwjh8dHVqBFt2LB2Od26TXxOcd24-JCP0uhWEz_avlWjtQXrYjuoqbYw1AHG6Sz1R0NSSFBto1m1AlnEpnpzFcaGcQpz/s200/HABS0002.jpg" width="157" /></a><br />
This is the Old Baptist Church at Streetsboro, Ohio, built about 1820.<br />
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Here are the HABS drawings. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio7CAK16Na00mRLxlFT_aZobf7_xDS0wjcxxdw7K1vc7281zZWfI9ZGYyZKtWGo7e-CFjLzdlHv095b_xTN0083A1ff3tcrRa2QD76cjDiWEqUS6Fi_DcC0W-TzikiUaRgiWZ_XEVHHie3/s1600/HABS0001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1322" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio7CAK16Na00mRLxlFT_aZobf7_xDS0wjcxxdw7K1vc7281zZWfI9ZGYyZKtWGo7e-CFjLzdlHv095b_xTN0083A1ff3tcrRa2QD76cjDiWEqUS6Fi_DcC0W-TzikiUaRgiWZ_XEVHHie3/s200/HABS0001.jpg" width="165" /></a><br />
I wondered about its geometry. What framing traditions had the master builder brought with him to Ohio?<br />
It looked linear, simple, obvious. Was it?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYacza6AATuPXjFEpzSdNbSOm-iqUr4kglvxvzedW4GgxVpZDtqu4WAjergP6vhnn8G9sgfAbZtHED8v0K464W0QD0DpgiEZXWYCi9x9RT1U2RFaM2tQe8lhuumKjezHcAC8ZIWmoZMGYZ/s1600/Scan0002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1318" data-original-width="1044" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYacza6AATuPXjFEpzSdNbSOm-iqUr4kglvxvzedW4GgxVpZDtqu4WAjergP6vhnn8G9sgfAbZtHED8v0K464W0QD0DpgiEZXWYCi9x9RT1U2RFaM2tQe8lhuumKjezHcAC8ZIWmoZMGYZ/s320/Scan0002.jpg" width="253" /></a>I explored the plan and elevation. While many forms of the Lines created by circles and squares worked pretty well, nothing quite fit. <br />
I went back to the basics, the construction: What did the carpenter do? In what order?<br />
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He was asked to build a church about 'so big' - here about 36' x 50'. He laid out a rectangle using the 3/4/5 Triangle. The HABS drawings are blurry and tiny. The dimensions appear to be 38'-4.5" wide by 51' long, 3 units wide by 4 units long. (The length is about an inch too short.)<br />
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The triangles are ABC and ADC. They could also be ABD and BCD. The 2 layouts cross in the center.<br /><i>
The carpenter could check his diagonals, just as workers do today. When the diagonals were the same length the floor frame was square.</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirgcPXOrEOKIIeW4MRYmSpcKC5MK_U5f5XZcG5LZlvFE3cn95T4r88R3_1X1G1pObidKXwOGCoi3H-7h4LOjh2-lr4R3dqLaACe8J2Ua6Y0djTUmVR9cwx67n2AWSlYM9J0kRx-AHUNICZ/s1600/Scan0003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1357" data-original-width="1033" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirgcPXOrEOKIIeW4MRYmSpcKC5MK_U5f5XZcG5LZlvFE3cn95T4r88R3_1X1G1pObidKXwOGCoi3H-7h4LOjh2-lr4R3dqLaACe8J2Ua6Y0djTUmVR9cwx67n2AWSlYM9J0kRx-AHUNICZ/s320/Scan0003.jpg" width="243" /></a></div>
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The bents for the frame were naturally the same width as the floor. It seemed possible that the framer used the floor of the church for his layout. I had seen this in an upstate NY barn. I wrote about it here: https://blog.greenmountaintimberframes.com/2014/12/04/geometry-in-historical-frames-a-guest-blog/<br />
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The elevation of the front of the church appears to be 2 squares wide. But the pediment did not come easily from that form - slightly too big.<br />
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However when I laid out the frame based on Lines laid on the inside edge of the sill and posts, everything fit and the peak of the bent, the location of the ridge of the church was the center of the rectangle. So simple, so easy!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVyIIssZfJvcmf4K4pflngi5i5voGgWUm5YleqEZbcdQNKGYYAbo0rO1dXgtz68E-XhUFUafM-Z-qbRjBHH8IXlsq_qobeOeIsI7DoDZ7yK52CwYGx0JH_iWaoK7Qb0fgy7Fha1AX_3t8F/s1600/hale+church+2.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="896" data-original-width="1159" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVyIIssZfJvcmf4K4pflngi5i5voGgWUm5YleqEZbcdQNKGYYAbo0rO1dXgtz68E-XhUFUafM-Z-qbRjBHH8IXlsq_qobeOeIsI7DoDZ7yK52CwYGx0JH_iWaoK7Qb0fgy7Fha1AX_3t8F/s320/hale+church+2.jpeg" width="320" /></a>How was it to the framer's advantage to lay out the frame from within the frame, not outside? <br />
He needed at least 3 bents, probably 5 or more. He needed consistent marks for lengths and widths of all members and for each mortise and tenon. The Lines laid inside the frame would not be disturbed while the frame was laid out and marked. The timbers could be moved off the floor to cut the joints; another bent could be laid out. Or the bents could be stacked on each other.<br />Modern framers using timber and dimensional lumber stand within their work,
measure, mark, and check from inside. Then they cut the lumber someplace
else. Why not this earlier framer too?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibliKbRgi4_7cC5wv6nGv3s7KDEAcUTeo1TYC71u9cBU4Ks3ubxW-fAiSapnbIl5FHIqYV2FN5Hk8rG58SNujtpO8tYTpR5nH_QUk9slaHqLvRQJHm7wWIGT_kwOxJYVJ0A3OMhsYZ3fiY/s1600/hale+church+floor+pl.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1313" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibliKbRgi4_7cC5wv6nGv3s7KDEAcUTeo1TYC71u9cBU4Ks3ubxW-fAiSapnbIl5FHIqYV2FN5Hk8rG58SNujtpO8tYTpR5nH_QUk9slaHqLvRQJHm7wWIGT_kwOxJYVJ0A3OMhsYZ3fiY/s320/hale+church+floor+pl.jpg" width="260" /></a><br />
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After the bents and the roof trusses came the walls and the windows.<br />
The spacing of the windows and their width comes from the rectangles that are within the original larger rectangle.<br />
<i>The green lines are 2 of those rectangles, the dashed lines with arrows on the left show the window frame locations. The green dashed line with an arrow on the right ( top left) is the width. </i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4HiVxU6hIj9oHwvyEtW7MM_mwmfG2ogKwbBNaje1LCtXknPk4tpUubADAH1j4ZARwU26EZo_9_2MyAO1cQQebgRtKxIvtBc873CKCQ4-QHKCiZo_94_ZjVTbmVpeQIhr67avxGD2Hwaku/s1600/hale+church.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="943" data-original-width="1135" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4HiVxU6hIj9oHwvyEtW7MM_mwmfG2ogKwbBNaje1LCtXknPk4tpUubADAH1j4ZARwU26EZo_9_2MyAO1cQQebgRtKxIvtBc873CKCQ4-QHKCiZo_94_ZjVTbmVpeQIhr67avxGD2Hwaku/s200/hale+church.jpeg" width="200" /></a><br />
The geometry of the bents determined the shape of the facade, the height of the pediment. The front elements of the church - the pilasters and a grand door - were designed after the frame. The front windows were in place, therefore the pilasters needed to be equidistant on each side.<br />
The door went in the middle, that's custom. Then there was the left over space in between. (See more about this below.)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KA6lMkgp4kAHw7KOWE_8AAorA2lRVw6msOfg0hHnmw61WCRB6_zf-fkv1DqarHheuKVRnovFmzEkeZwOLhIBrwhxXMYjEdLAsH2hrOrutdvUhMDI1J3DL-tltcufmhQ51053QO1P4dV7/s1600/3+4+5+triangle+w+square.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="852" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5KA6lMkgp4kAHw7KOWE_8AAorA2lRVw6msOfg0hHnmw61WCRB6_zf-fkv1DqarHheuKVRnovFmzEkeZwOLhIBrwhxXMYjEdLAsH2hrOrutdvUhMDI1J3DL-tltcufmhQ51053QO1P4dV7/s200/3+4+5+triangle+w+square.jpg" width="200" /><br /></a><p>
The framers also had to provide support for the steeple. I have only photographs to show where the steeple sits. Was it directly over the front wall? a few feet back? I would assume a bent supported the front and back walls of the steeple. The diagrams do show how the width of the tower and the size of the clipped corners were determined: the plan is a square with its corners cut off. </p><p>Carpenter squares began to be manufactured in the States - not imported from Britain - around 1820. They had true 90* corners and consistent dimensions. 3/4/5 triangles and rectangles were easy to lay out accurately. An inexperienced carpenter could erect a simple frame without much worry. A master carpenter working with church members as a volunteer crew could expect his crew to build a reasonably accurate frame.<br />
</p><p><i></i></p><p><i></i></p><p><i></i></p><p>Part 2, the design of the exterior of the church is here:<span style="color: #2b00fe;"> https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2018/04/the-baptist-church-of-steetsboro-ohio.html</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></p><p><span>7/27/22: I wrote this post in 2018. When I reviewed it recently, I saw how much needed to be revised, simplified; how much I'd learned about using geometry in construction during the last 4 years. Understanding Practical Geometry (the name Asher Benjamin and Peter Nicholson used) is an on-going exploration.<br /></span></p><p><span> </span><br />
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<br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-32499904628968705452022-07-26T20:13:00.006-04:002022-07-27T21:53:08.467-04:00The Baptist Church of Streetsboro, Ohio, Part 2<p></p><div class="separator"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwj_FkqlYKBE88wDAJkQ_qEoE5bBR0h92wV7gA926OUuhHbb4KwrOaCKEkkSG5gU0F50v0rnlB9aHYgOXTLyXzrjZNrQLqsjXUM6zS7xYdxWvDE1XbzFgQsA7x_tRyor5VW0MC3U5pePLbiG-gWWFqlEbTeSSEa5W5p5vId38M_rNNX7vEwLApCcsQLQ/s1585/1-IMG-5801-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1585" data-original-width="917" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwj_FkqlYKBE88wDAJkQ_qEoE5bBR0h92wV7gA926OUuhHbb4KwrOaCKEkkSG5gU0F50v0rnlB9aHYgOXTLyXzrjZNrQLqsjXUM6zS7xYdxWvDE1XbzFgQsA7x_tRyor5VW0MC3U5pePLbiG-gWWFqlEbTeSSEa5W5p5vId38M_rNNX7vEwLApCcsQLQ/s320/1-IMG-5801-001.jpg" width="185" /></a></div>The Streetsboro Baptist Church, built c. 1820: the second phase of its construction - its decoration - the front facade
and the steeple.<p></p><p> </p><p> </p>
The first post* discussed how the framer used the geometry of the 3/4/5
Triangle to layout the floor, the bents, the walls and windows, the
roof and steeple. After the framers made the building 'tight to the weather', joiners would often be responsible for the finish work: window sash, doors, molding. Different trades had different skills and tools.<br />
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I think this division of labor happened here. <br />
<br /> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUhk8NQP8Ya4bgtzYy8P3ZFk8EPmo_wsWSaTRuzUUAtBi3jxc0Gbu_fmfSp5NVkvGW8ueI8bNMF24BpNoapRsjX1n1Nzlo_AQcIWiJoR96Q_IsknsToNOZNS5O9LXOXsvJVoO8VVbgC15c/s1600/2-hale+village+church+%25282%2529.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="800" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUhk8NQP8Ya4bgtzYy8P3ZFk8EPmo_wsWSaTRuzUUAtBi3jxc0Gbu_fmfSp5NVkvGW8ueI8bNMF24BpNoapRsjX1n1Nzlo_AQcIWiJoR96Q_IsknsToNOZNS5O9LXOXsvJVoO8VVbgC15c/w320-h318/2-hale+village+church+%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>The church front on a cloudy day in October. It is a handsome building. It is also a box decorated with boards and moldings. That's what I am looking at in this post.<br />
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The HABS drawing is below.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKojVBkfk4XMykRev8UDvtPW1Y2VyB7VbbEBSAhRrXaTGQBOVo6-1-WfhIrGiMvnyIwl3n4yII7JjpzzFDrELTxR-X3jibfAklyoyuQ_XbkKpe00UtG57eYbo7Sx_VWb1e24SElZ2qdF4xkN4eVU9T6U74gsP8ac26Lc50wZEvtus27hICdsJACyL5rA/s1721/4-hale%20baptist%20church0002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1721" data-original-width="1184" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKojVBkfk4XMykRev8UDvtPW1Y2VyB7VbbEBSAhRrXaTGQBOVo6-1-WfhIrGiMvnyIwl3n4yII7JjpzzFDrELTxR-X3jibfAklyoyuQ_XbkKpe00UtG57eYbo7Sx_VWb1e24SElZ2qdF4xkN4eVU9T6U74gsP8ac26Lc50wZEvtus27hICdsJACyL5rA/s320/4-hale%20baptist%20church0002.jpg" width="220" /></a><br /> </p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDyTFfI-GmNHbs1UM5R7VjM8tiLqWMgSdrTQ0DzbcI3DgQ_2NQMmZfM8izULyxzZX2wwtTdXxGQcr6bldsR0IKKSvWaa4CH09ziygJognwk_YFRqekltsa0xqaxdKRuvVg8Pl7T9tmXtnPdOwxcXX-Q9yc1xhgScgEZLjfyFnXepA2AiUnvQIcHO-FOw/s1448/1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1063" data-original-width="1448" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDyTFfI-GmNHbs1UM5R7VjM8tiLqWMgSdrTQ0DzbcI3DgQ_2NQMmZfM8izULyxzZX2wwtTdXxGQcr6bldsR0IKKSvWaa4CH09ziygJognwk_YFRqekltsa0xqaxdKRuvVg8Pl7T9tmXtnPdOwxcXX-Q9yc1xhgScgEZLjfyFnXepA2AiUnvQIcHO-FOw/s320/1-Image%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a>The windows had been set by the framer when he laid out the floor plan, the walls, and the roof frame. <b>The black lines</b> show what the front wall would have looked like when the joiner began his work. Holes for windows, a space - perhaps a larger framed opening - for a door, a triangular gable. <br /></div><p></p><p><br />The congregation expected that this box with a roof would become a modern Greek Revival church. </p><p>Of course the joiner was considering the pediment, the frieze, the architrave. the water table. He also needed to lay out a facade which has grace and rhythm as well as symmetry. <br />
</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM_Nwbn6tzEz1K6FiDBLrnqwpn2ee8UcOkUDwZrLTIEZZcem6-R-jsHi80Ce5RihmQr4h-ylIQmydDrwrRGCpcabycJmdIDA3nnJR3oeYoLw2QZeT1GaqQ-_Gvl2mSfWIrz-JGLPX4EojOFFqcyIT39KW8u_mIuk9yT5LH25_uZLLIzA7vvFoNJ5XjoQ/s2125/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1417" data-original-width="2125" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM_Nwbn6tzEz1K6FiDBLrnqwpn2ee8UcOkUDwZrLTIEZZcem6-R-jsHi80Ce5RihmQr4h-ylIQmydDrwrRGCpcabycJmdIDA3nnJR3oeYoLw2QZeT1GaqQ-_Gvl2mSfWIrz-JGLPX4EojOFFqcyIT39KW8u_mIuk9yT5LH25_uZLLIzA7vvFoNJ5XjoQ/s320/1-Image.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p> </p><p>Here is the geometry of the facade as the framer knew it: 3 bays with their height from the floor to the roof trusses, their width between the corner posts, and a door, centered but of undetermined dimensions. The windows are centered within the 3/4/5 rectangles of the frame's rhythm. Their shape is 2- 3/4/5 rectangles. <br /> </p><p> </p><p>I think, the joiner chooses to balance the windows first, to set them as supporting wings to the central door. The corner boards grew to become paired columns balanced by 2 more columns on the other side of the windows. Note that the columns are not on the lines of the bays, therefore the center bay is slightly wider than the side bays. The window bays became back drop to the central bay with its double door and paneled transom.The joiner 'adjusted' the geometry; but the window bays' symmetry is so strong it is hard to catch. The tall, broad main door, recessed in the main bay, then surrounded by the columns and the frieze, becomes the focus. </p><p>The joiner 'fooled the eye' and created a dynamic facade, much better than 3 equal rectangles would have been.<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihLcAFPxt1SmvHXuwlq2KTKqnA3W9xrgigU_zY0FMTGlH7SBl-BT2LGKJ81pfT85uEPrNHaK9-j3nIK9oBGnsQRaFhnH7EoVF53Yt0qV7bnw3Chvg55jLXAnm7GPwPYf6mRyn5QwwYSHAj3_j9x2GfOzX5brJSmcnN61f34FvCnx7NmjUBvGcR2-eumA/s888/1-IMG-5801.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="888" data-original-width="632" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihLcAFPxt1SmvHXuwlq2KTKqnA3W9xrgigU_zY0FMTGlH7SBl-BT2LGKJ81pfT85uEPrNHaK9-j3nIK9oBGnsQRaFhnH7EoVF53Yt0qV7bnw3Chvg55jLXAnm7GPwPYf6mRyn5QwwYSHAj3_j9x2GfOzX5brJSmcnN61f34FvCnx7NmjUBvGcR2-eumA/s320/1-IMG-5801.jpg" width="228" /></a></div><p> </p><p>The framer built the base which supported the steeple. Its dimensions at the roof are based on the 3/4/5 Triangle.<br /></p>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE-n9sho8SNpAc53QmMbZDP-0pwrdfKgTGhefslZ9uyXEI4PBrPqtC50wOsxLX2Q0gn1z3BsWdm9uIGbQHxOwem3L8v2kRUdjAedwKotKrFbkHrFPMuzx5hz7ZiKcbaxG1RfF1BrG830l9/s1600/square+to+circle+for+hale.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1094" data-original-width="1059" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE-n9sho8SNpAc53QmMbZDP-0pwrdfKgTGhefslZ9uyXEI4PBrPqtC50wOsxLX2Q0gn1z3BsWdm9uIGbQHxOwem3L8v2kRUdjAedwKotKrFbkHrFPMuzx5hz7ZiKcbaxG1RfF1BrG830l9/s200/square+to+circle+for+hale.jpeg" width="193" /></a><br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8cNuHfnLAV54wxFmQKqVL3mv5C4VSFzqMzGd9Hr4oYCw8xwmBknVgFWpUWGVU8p1i4P30VhvtkvSMAG5QaJ2aGbsK6IoPjM8FC8UM5-_GJpCMfRZXfYIMhwbqFwHVpFvlC7YQz__H8Ihl/s1600/hale+steeple.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1392" data-original-width="1422" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8cNuHfnLAV54wxFmQKqVL3mv5C4VSFzqMzGd9Hr4oYCw8xwmBknVgFWpUWGVU8p1i4P30VhvtkvSMAG5QaJ2aGbsK6IoPjM8FC8UM5-_GJpCMfRZXfYIMhwbqFwHVpFvlC7YQz__H8Ihl/s200/hale+steeple.jpg" width="200" /></a><p> The steeple uses neither the geometry of the frame nor that of the front facade. It is a series of blocks, decreasing in size, with their corners clipped. The design uses the square and the circles that fit within and without it. Was it the work of the same joiner? **<br />
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The HABS drawing shows the steeple sections.<br />
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Here I have added the circles - In 'A' the red circle is outside, the green inside. In 'B' that green circle is now outside, a new smaller red circle inside. 'C' continues the progression with the red circle from 'B' now the outside. The green circle of 'C' is the base of the spire.</p><p> The steeple layout follows the drawings of James Gibbs in his
book "On Architecture", published in England in 1728. Copies were in the
Colonies, available to builders. I have written about Gibbs' steeples
here:<span style="color: #01ffff;"> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2022/02/james-gibbs-steeples.html </span></span></p><p><span style="color: #01ffff;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span></span>These HABS measurements are too simple for an in depth study of the steeple geometry.<br />
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</p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0d7xdI62LEzVxCnti5AdeJBrdQ_c1i-9YYNX3C1NHXIvGUw7osSwTYId3oupq7kOV1fpl8TnckyP0ZFdtABZo5Lel8QbShyi3rvJhkDSPacbytehUSvOtw0-dSuBanO_iMEQat4mETUoU/s1600/hale+steeple+a.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="984" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0d7xdI62LEzVxCnti5AdeJBrdQ_c1i-9YYNX3C1NHXIvGUw7osSwTYId3oupq7kOV1fpl8TnckyP0ZFdtABZo5Lel8QbShyi3rvJhkDSPacbytehUSvOtw0-dSuBanO_iMEQat4mETUoU/s320/hale+steeple+a.jpg" width="307" /></a><p><br />
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The shapes that make up the tower are a series of blocks with related faces all derived from the simple manipulation of the square: a complete square, 2 squares, one square, half a square (the base for the spire). <br />
The spire's height uses the width of the steeple's base as its unit of measure: it is 1.5 times as tall as the base is wide.<br /> </p><p>The paneling, edge moldings, and the series of roofs as the tower extends create the steeple. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4_vXw9C7IPkAnh0B941wS3V4wMPrhQP9bjJgALoxjRUFTkTt11EccRl3iS4Z0YlgXidlm-LnS43uSnp0V0nLaTOzyh8mD9-OISIZ5X86k1X7PangOl4vM1OLocl3GVHCvTC7WC0K8ztU5/s1600/door%252C+hale+church.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1206" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4_vXw9C7IPkAnh0B941wS3V4wMPrhQP9bjJgALoxjRUFTkTt11EccRl3iS4Z0YlgXidlm-LnS43uSnp0V0nLaTOzyh8mD9-OISIZ5X86k1X7PangOl4vM1OLocl3GVHCvTC7WC0K8ztU5/s320/door%252C+hale+church.jpg" width="241" /></a></div><p>
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The door itself is approximately square, the transom: half a square. They are the same size as the section of the steeple which holds the bell.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The wall of that bay acts as a setting, a frame for the door. The columns and architrave are a second frame.<br /></p><p><br />
<i> </i><br /> <br /></p><p>Look again at the photographs.<br /></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL7tC_QMkKijYjUrIDJU4HghWo3xkPHnkWDVHfYJidRKE3gL-aUp_fmGi5iGPuYuBiQkENhFun9M8sqfeVfEPhNs9e27Yi_WBVE1c3HRxxLESujZ3eHfTewxpQ1x-J2oHv-Us1KkMgZJuqJlFXrwhxnFRraYpy6qcipnjW8YioSHOdRX4VDMBrC6BEuQ/s425/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="425" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL7tC_QMkKijYjUrIDJU4HghWo3xkPHnkWDVHfYJidRKE3gL-aUp_fmGi5iGPuYuBiQkENhFun9M8sqfeVfEPhNs9e27Yi_WBVE1c3HRxxLESujZ3eHfTewxpQ1x-J2oHv-Us1KkMgZJuqJlFXrwhxnFRraYpy6qcipnjW8YioSHOdRX4VDMBrC6BEuQ/w200-h197/1-Image.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br />The church's grace and presence come from simple proportions in the design and the understanding of how light and shadow give life to the parts themselves and thus to the whole building. <br /><p></p><p>Here is what Asher Benjamin wanted the joiner - and by extension, we who see the church - to understand about moldings : </p><p>"...the bending, or turning inward, of the upper edge of the Grecian, or quirk ovolo, when the sun shines on the surface [and] causes a beautiful variety of light and shade, which greatly relieves it from plane surfaces, and if it is entirely in shadow, but receives a reflected light, the bending or turning inward, at the top, will cause it to contain a greater quality of shade in that place, but softened downward around the moulding to the upper edge." ***</p><p> </p><p>* Part 1:<span style="color: #2b00fe;"> https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2018/04/the-baptist-church-of-streetsboro-ohio.html</span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span><br />
** The Sandown, NH, Meeting House and Gunston Hall in Virginia are good examples of this separation of craft. At Sandown a skilled joiner built the main door and the pulpit, perhaps the wainscotting and box pews. George Mason of Gunston Hall brought William Buckland from England to create the porches and interiors for his new brick house.</p><p>**Asher Benjamin, <u>The American Builder's Companion</u>, 6th edition, 1827, R.P. & C. Williams, Dover Publications reprint, Plate IX, Names of Mouldings.<br /></p><p> <br /></p><br /><br /><br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-50758402258276235462022-06-19T18:48:00.001-04:002022-06-25T21:43:23.609-04:00James Gibbs' Of Architecture, Draughts for a Menagery, Part 2 of 2<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiG68apJh8fYrtGqKCNhrV6MadtJY9Ybl88G-GyXk8aVQKJGuygP8iR-_jjdzcGMu1bpos-tY9ogzCXD8-MG1L7Zr3jKEWycGvpDFBbehldtiJxI2jQFpy9JYExqiTQLWmsxqZS4nMaYfL4vkMPuwan-yyr96W9i0_9axpnT9WxR_GCoaTCxU_WGz7XEg=s642" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="512" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiG68apJh8fYrtGqKCNhrV6MadtJY9Ybl88G-GyXk8aVQKJGuygP8iR-_jjdzcGMu1bpos-tY9ogzCXD8-MG1L7Zr3jKEWycGvpDFBbehldtiJxI2jQFpy9JYExqiTQLWmsxqZS4nMaYfL4vkMPuwan-yyr96W9i0_9axpnT9WxR_GCoaTCxU_WGz7XEg=w159-h200" width="159" /></a><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><i> </i></span> <br /></div><p></p><p>The second menagery in James Gibbs' <b>On Architecture</b>* was never built. In Part 1 of 2, I wrote about the first one which was built at Hackwood Park, an estate near London. It is still standing. <br /></p><p>Here is Gibbs' portrait with his compass, the mark of his profession. </p><p><i>Gibbs' expected "any Workman who understands Lines" to be able to execute his designs. What would a workman have seen in Gibbs' drawings? What could I see? Did I understand Lines?</i></p><p><i>The first option was so simple. I was looking for an equally direct layout for this second design. I could find only complex solutions. They worked, but they were not direct. For 3 months the obvious design was right there and I couldn't see it. I put the puzzle aside several times.</i> <br /></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiMVs2ia4KRdEmNCzAEpLky_i6mn5nHe2QuLkKqP3IQ-bmAHr_Yj_tF8QaEUH0FbCCLzOXp6qiCFz3Vq1UvU-htuR9IXL1Fs01CRJKADh8jMPhYdFr5fFmma2i7QCvKf75RySVSJY5YbMuahFI-tTU1wYPHWHWTbzDVjTVaPyKJlqWt1zrl0f7-Q4GWMQ=s1739" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1047" data-original-width="1739" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiMVs2ia4KRdEmNCzAEpLky_i6mn5nHe2QuLkKqP3IQ-bmAHr_Yj_tF8QaEUH0FbCCLzOXp6qiCFz3Vq1UvU-htuR9IXL1Fs01CRJKADh8jMPhYdFr5fFmma2i7QCvKf75RySVSJY5YbMuahFI-tTU1wYPHWHWTbzDVjTVaPyKJlqWt1zrl0f7-Q4GWMQ=w200-h121" width="200" /></a> <br /></div><p></p><p>This 'menagery' was to be a welcome destination for those strolling through the Hackwood Park estate grounds. Built of stone, the menagery would not have been as dark as this image.The 'draught' elevation accentuates the quoins and articulated arches, to give the workmen the necessary information. <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgCjkZNX6fG1ni16ZDEXsr5zZmKaTeScV6TaToC-f5wIwULKSf5pyEjRvdJ4RbeG9wxMgY9v6JU47PEGJU9cbosNY0fRnynStxs4JCXNn4QUkogdzz8jaLQdwWREG0ts9S_ZfekHpiGHPHgW1tLsupz5KGiPkNf3gAqLV42t4Wgik0FioZw90SHGpfCwQ=s1814" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1453" data-original-width="1814" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgCjkZNX6fG1ni16ZDEXsr5zZmKaTeScV6TaToC-f5wIwULKSf5pyEjRvdJ4RbeG9wxMgY9v6JU47PEGJU9cbosNY0fRnynStxs4JCXNn4QUkogdzz8jaLQdwWREG0ts9S_ZfekHpiGHPHgW1tLsupz5KGiPkNf3gAqLV42t4Wgik0FioZw90SHGpfCwQ=w200-h160" width="200" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p></p><p>Like the design which was built, the pavilion required a gracious porch with a room on each side: one for serving and drinking tea, one for the quiet perusal of books about nature, especially birds. The living quarters for the staff who took care of the estate's pheasants were around the back. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXP2A3MrF5_5TIWdXvSG1LjUBsaUlDofnwWjtxl9bwlinujO7D2_qSfOFIPgPCbdpj6BQRwFduCyYsNC-JoVNXOFWOLZc5oO0W557KC7mEGDDfH5ILl5VblguqsUInPNPeaz5NkQjbMsPjeL0dGIgeZLWuAweAPfiI-miu-qd390xotjMVmeZfE6heOQ/s839/1-Image-010.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="839" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXP2A3MrF5_5TIWdXvSG1LjUBsaUlDofnwWjtxl9bwlinujO7D2_qSfOFIPgPCbdpj6BQRwFduCyYsNC-JoVNXOFWOLZc5oO0W557KC7mEGDDfH5ILl5VblguqsUInPNPeaz5NkQjbMsPjeL0dGIgeZLWuAweAPfiI-miu-qd390xotjMVmeZfE6heOQ/w200-h188/1-Image-010.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Today a plan usually lays out the exterior dimensions. Here the exterior is
to be stone, perhaps ashlar or split, with rusticated, oversized
arches and quoins (the corner blocks). Using inside dimensions to layout the plan allowed the exterior dimensions to vary. </p><p>Note
that Gibbs' drawing of the exterior stone facade is structural. The blocks interlock on the corners; the arches and key stones interlock with the
wall. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr3TW8QZu8g222NKWuPZEO0Cn1S8WJn7xnUFUqrUOh_tambPrJGCkVKTKHyH_xxLQMHJ_RiS-RwCuRsMCs5k0DAT-7GrklIQPG_AqCQ813gwQIceuNr1PQ9hqP6mbY_2fP4RACLCo216h8ta4f_xkmsqlycuc4xKwn5hGZoGkOOnpcoDSym5xpTpmuDg/s1879/1-Image-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1244" data-original-width="1879" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr3TW8QZu8g222NKWuPZEO0Cn1S8WJn7xnUFUqrUOh_tambPrJGCkVKTKHyH_xxLQMHJ_RiS-RwCuRsMCs5k0DAT-7GrklIQPG_AqCQ813gwQIceuNr1PQ9hqP6mbY_2fP4RACLCo216h8ta4f_xkmsqlycuc4xKwn5hGZoGkOOnpcoDSym5xpTpmuDg/w200-h133/1-Image-002.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p> </p><p>The floor plan begins with the central form: the porch and caretaker's
quarters. Its size is determined by 2 <span style="color: red;">3/4/5 rectangles</span> overlapped at
their mid-points. <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfBH_cYkhTA0T2q6lfFUCwrwxi9jkpXplvGoaOsw2JMIOXKNlQRZLZ-aBm67Yy5Fj3fljfpJ3jzDr1tXpczl5sgSl396xXYQzNBT2XkIko1-0aJ5o0k5c-NG6c_9tfUI6mjzI0xsXmrteN2hq8Eq3NyIH2c2M289850RRMKJkhJlWdj0nFT5TBT5oHqw/s1824/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1281" data-original-width="1824" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfBH_cYkhTA0T2q6lfFUCwrwxi9jkpXplvGoaOsw2JMIOXKNlQRZLZ-aBm67Yy5Fj3fljfpJ3jzDr1tXpczl5sgSl396xXYQzNBT2XkIko1-0aJ5o0k5c-NG6c_9tfUI6mjzI0xsXmrteN2hq8Eq3NyIH2c2M289850RRMKJkhJlWdj0nFT5TBT5oHqw/w200-h141/1-Image.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p>Gibbs assumes the workmen who might copy his 'draught' know how to build walls; he is not providing a construction document.<br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjXrgJuhjqXtlKK7nrY2_W3DKrxYi4iLilB-MbCKFIp4KEGKrY2QxItRQD2qTTz0wI0zzBrolpEkm3hR1DYHIbLlfCUz7uxmxgdCOoGGBrzOy7QvARk_fG2vVyG1UXH8MJ3t7biYwggvw9ehXQO60Ov23fFzVS3k4gXrFmatVWssL2jCanrBUr0HNvLbw=s1999" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1335" data-original-width="1999" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjXrgJuhjqXtlKK7nrY2_W3DKrxYi4iLilB-MbCKFIp4KEGKrY2QxItRQD2qTTz0wI0zzBrolpEkm3hR1DYHIbLlfCUz7uxmxgdCOoGGBrzOy7QvARk_fG2vVyG1UXH8MJ3t7biYwggvw9ehXQO60Ov23fFzVS3k4gXrFmatVWssL2jCanrBUr0HNvLbw=w200-h134" width="200" /></a> The wall between the porch and the living quarters is set beside the center of the rectangle found by drawing <span style="color: red;">the diagonals </span>of the main pavilion. This makes the porch large and gracious. It is also the way a mason sets lines today, building beside his lines. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgl7X28bYL0Q9P9Wbu8kDND4iiXupj92g74w1fDc0cIq7L_Ac7ojpD5P164KuT1bRE881b5YsMQa1jXYae4iZdWqsO7WyUG8vK7yv0JjeUzgBjaa8VLeqMBu9eAPDmcRsR-LU9z45j8_zyGjGFiJR2PPZTP-tSPU2Sm40oMs6W2skbfvAkwlyJvtzXtg/s1940/1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="1940" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgl7X28bYL0Q9P9Wbu8kDND4iiXupj92g74w1fDc0cIq7L_Ac7ojpD5P164KuT1bRE881b5YsMQa1jXYae4iZdWqsO7WyUG8vK7yv0JjeUzgBjaa8VLeqMBu9eAPDmcRsR-LU9z45j8_zyGjGFiJR2PPZTP-tSPU2Sm40oMs6W2skbfvAkwlyJvtzXtg/w200-h131/1-Image%20(2).jpg" width="200" /></a> <br /></div><p></p><p>A workman could true his rectangle to<span style="color: red;"> <span style="color: black;">center</span></span> the doors on the walls. Note<span style="color: red;"> the red line</span>.<br /></p><p> </p><p><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5yfbdifJqpac3v4mesCDPTHRuBlhfpTa-q9pZtdqzyLQ-W_ljzZpt6r-xzio0XFF48bKLekt_HkLEMMQEAbng5h51JFKgOa1rYZ0sMhyBXScH-DZW2QJMSpLQVSIXuvrSLXUCKFd8yVAbjvhkDIOiGnmnPHutBisKB6gHBuTgU7tpjBBe-sBXjzdt7g/s1873/1-Image%20(3).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1256" data-original-width="1873" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5yfbdifJqpac3v4mesCDPTHRuBlhfpTa-q9pZtdqzyLQ-W_ljzZpt6r-xzio0XFF48bKLekt_HkLEMMQEAbng5h51JFKgOa1rYZ0sMhyBXScH-DZW2QJMSpLQVSIXuvrSLXUCKFd8yVAbjvhkDIOiGnmnPHutBisKB6gHBuTgU7tpjBBe-sBXjzdt7g/w200-h134/1-Image%20(3).jpg" width="200" /></a></i> </p><p> </p><p><span style="color: red;"> The lines</span> from the corners to the center locate<span style="color: red;"> the center lines</span> for the arched columns. <i> </i></p><p></p><p><i>I have left out many lines here for clarity. They could be added to check the work.</i><br /></p><p></p><p></p><p> <i><i>I call this 'The rule of Thirds' because artists who use these lines as a
design tool call it by that name. It's the 3x3 pattern that
appears when we edit cellphone pictures. *</i>*</i> </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr-C90V7kHfq75sy3ub7ag95HysJUHy4Tn7kQhcTLINYp4wHbvEGd1r0fVf565C_3uMPbRMz3X5Daq1qsxlIQ2aT3J9bhgv0d0OEpJuiGl9rJlWH_NsqS28zZDK2GQafGe2xSGIIo3k3vwTm09nuxPRioKlKKVzsDTNJ3WGSKlUa0WR4RlVe0Gecc3_g/s1878/1-Image%20(4).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1226" data-original-width="1878" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr-C90V7kHfq75sy3ub7ag95HysJUHy4Tn7kQhcTLINYp4wHbvEGd1r0fVf565C_3uMPbRMz3X5Daq1qsxlIQ2aT3J9bhgv0d0OEpJuiGl9rJlWH_NsqS28zZDK2GQafGe2xSGIIo3k3vwTm09nuxPRioKlKKVzsDTNJ3WGSKlUa0WR4RlVe0Gecc3_g/w200-h131/1-Image%20(4).jpg" width="200" /></a></div> <p></p><p>The wings of the menagery are set back 1/4 of the depth of the main block in the front and the back - note <span style="color: red;">the red line</span> <span style="color: red;">with arrows </span>As the geometry here is the 3/4/5 rcctangle it is fitting that the wings' length is proportional to the main pavilion's length: 6/8 or 3/4. <br /></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgiYD9XJfvbmURIqBH77vWjoZ20eXCezMxI60jGZ_n7qrSg7lu6FWUmu_bZaQwx8YZC5LPcVvG9TjVsbQuktInykaqgDzQkiLHIAsW-5gIjjej1p85EhmD6MZ6Zuh0Q0xuLCjy6nlvlSoWwr04pd2ywos8SsqZWeVSQKA-nnK_8BkPg6C5ZLWwQY6ut_g=s2227" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1422" data-original-width="2227" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgiYD9XJfvbmURIqBH77vWjoZ20eXCezMxI60jGZ_n7qrSg7lu6FWUmu_bZaQwx8YZC5LPcVvG9TjVsbQuktInykaqgDzQkiLHIAsW-5gIjjej1p85EhmD6MZ6Zuh0Q0xuLCjy6nlvlSoWwr04pd2ywos8SsqZWeVSQKA-nnK_8BkPg6C5ZLWwQY6ut_g=w200-h127" width="200" /></a></p><p><br /></p><p> The wings are themselves both <span style="color: red;">3/4/5 rectangles.</span> <br /></p><p></p> <p></p><p>The 3/4/5 rectangIe was a common way to add a wing to an existing building. If the mason set his length against the central form at 4 units and his width at 3 units, his wing would be square against the main block. His stone work would be true. I have drawn the 3 x 4 units here. I have also left my pencil marks for further information <i>(enlarge the drawing!)</i> </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><p></p><p> While this menagery design is more complex to write about than Gibbs' other design*, it is quite easy to lay out with a compass and straight edge. A
trained workman would have known the steps. The 3/4/5 rectangle and the Pythagoras Theorem are used today. </p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCW9HP2racgBI_RD47KmFv3R6--guYMT4mDv4mWeL5EEduXsTuxrWUq_znhcipbXpXE4N2KLtGKzyVTnu6dOsHxsPBQTj6B7R8-znmPIIAtJVzCjrnHQ9kWGz_1tm8myWUPvgYl1l1uRjzAHS5AIfhiPTxz5-T1HxToecNXDzAP2OCrUNc5dfLLR1t1Q=s2196" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1208" data-original-width="2196" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCW9HP2racgBI_RD47KmFv3R6--guYMT4mDv4mWeL5EEduXsTuxrWUq_znhcipbXpXE4N2KLtGKzyVTnu6dOsHxsPBQTj6B7R8-znmPIIAtJVzCjrnHQ9kWGz_1tm8myWUPvgYl1l1uRjzAHS5AIfhiPTxz5-T1HxToecNXDzAP2OCrUNc5dfLLR1t1Q=w320-h176" width="320" /></a><br /></p><p> The elevation?<i> </i>It's<i> </i>4 squares and the same pediment layout that Gibbs used on the menagery design which was built. The inside dimensions govern. The<span style="color: red;"> red arcs </span>drawn show the floor width of the rooms are also the height of the elevations. <i> </i></p><p>A note: the windows are centered on the rooms' inside wall, but not on the exterior width of the wing. The quoins are such a strong visual vertical that they appear as an anchor. The windows were centered on the rest of the wall.</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUmS5YcsesMDUsHUbkwsNK-cmHRlFq-fDJH5lJlvu9M6gPWbx-KyYPOomOQ5_gQUqDVZPQYCHuYzq3R390vDyDK6U11cL28ZQNCZTrMj5bg58olqqJhyIr-FtMOspKxrdp-YyOzD29FDHsS0Xz6rnreYxg0fQm1zVrl9KtzoVMdgtKEHgkI2fF1dUumg=s2196" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1208" data-original-width="2196" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUmS5YcsesMDUsHUbkwsNK-cmHRlFq-fDJH5lJlvu9M6gPWbx-KyYPOomOQ5_gQUqDVZPQYCHuYzq3R390vDyDK6U11cL28ZQNCZTrMj5bg58olqqJhyIr-FtMOspKxrdp-YyOzD29FDHsS0Xz6rnreYxg0fQm1zVrl9KtzoVMdgtKEHgkI2fF1dUumg=w400-h220" width="400" /></a> <br /></p><p><i> </i>The pediment is drawn following the rules described by Serlio. For step
by step instructions, refer to Part 1 of 2 of this post of the draughts
for the Menagery.*</p><p></p><p><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span><p><i> </i><b>*</b> Gibbs' book <b>On Architecture</b><u>,</u> published in 1728, includes 150
plates: plans, elevations, sections and perspectives of buildings Gibbs
had designed and built. The quote is from his introduction, page i. A reprint is available from Dover Publications.</p><p></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><i><span style="color: black;">Part 1 of 2, the post for Gibb's design of the Menagery which was built is here:</span> </i></span><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><i>https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2021/12/james-gibbs-book-of-architecture.html</i></span></p><p><br /><br /></p><p><i>** I've posted about The Rule of Thirds in more detail here: </i></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><i>https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2020/08/lesson-6-rule-of-thirds-part-1_21.html</i></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><i>https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2020/08/lesson-6-rule-of-thirds-part-2-serlio.html </i></span></p><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><br /><br /><br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8118094056356737952.post-7720113448064102172022-04-21T21:34:00.042-04:002022-06-23T20:14:44.168-04:00The Parson Capen House, 1683, Topsfield, MA<p><b><i>This post, first published in 2014, has been revised based on a better understanding of the geometry. </i></b></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidBrxc8fPYYjZfw5wFX4eZwBdrq7DV3WL_SOLyHMeOn_KDe4DCUERw91cLpfevEyAxGKI9rUh4Jf_MvbNGoj8Dn1CNJIqrEc_uIbjq7b4KxvkNQuJNvdX7y5w57wwy_BX6x1DUmPU8zpNh/s1600/079072pu.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidBrxc8fPYYjZfw5wFX4eZwBdrq7DV3WL_SOLyHMeOn_KDe4DCUERw91cLpfevEyAxGKI9rUh4Jf_MvbNGoj8Dn1CNJIqrEc_uIbjq7b4KxvkNQuJNvdX7y5w57wwy_BX6x1DUmPU8zpNh/w340-h262/079072pu.jpg" width="340" /></a></div><b><i> </i></b><br /><p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Parson Joseph Capen built this house in 1683 in Topsfield, Massachusetts. He ministered to the town from 1682 until his death in 1726.<br />
<br />
The story about this house: It is still here because it was owned by an old Boston family with extensive land holdings.Their herdsmen drove cattle to market in Boston along Rte 1 (which is practically next door to this house) and used the house as a way station on their trips into the city. So it wasn't torn down, updated, or abandoned. We are lucky.<br />
<br />
The pictures are from the LOC HABS archive. Note the drops and brackets. The windows are casements; in the picture they have been swung open.<br />
For more information and photographs in color see http://www.topsfieldhistory.org/parson_capen.shtml<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEn5f9Ki8ysYG9IXc9iB3NOL7RFR8vbtfUNKhTH17idj5Eti33VzViifMN4D3CqMPeOxOH-8RMgmlbhFQAuidnF3pXw5NBX7fY3zAcozkv38Rs3zp22KGCQyW6n6AvFdKSd_1lJeN22a_C4iNjrmdCCuROc94uUz9a-4YnHe-4PQKSZoIMEFbhzr4UpQ/s2741/1-1-circle%20to%20square-004.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1923" data-original-width="2741" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEn5f9Ki8ysYG9IXc9iB3NOL7RFR8vbtfUNKhTH17idj5Eti33VzViifMN4D3CqMPeOxOH-8RMgmlbhFQAuidnF3pXw5NBX7fY3zAcozkv38Rs3zp22KGCQyW6n6AvFdKSd_1lJeN22a_C4iNjrmdCCuROc94uUz9a-4YnHe-4PQKSZoIMEFbhzr4UpQ/w200-h141/1-1-circle%20to%20square-004.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><p></p><p>The geometry for the house is based on the square. </p><p>Here is how a square is derived using a compass, a straightedge and a scribe. </p><p> <br /></p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMgsZAH5xfHbJ2QXSMia8thwmbRJ4LPFrkkJdDN-OspqaAUsWzAbXodg1LVYm1ob4xkGdjLJZNUQhQOhR4fVoAs4LRY_62zo0adpMtR11zxQhA66BmPGGkkr9-pg4Q-VHRbYaQW03JLiGmEar57ZuQhKTx0IOfdZ0kMf2rLu9lWjyWbs7FMO01HmJnQ/s1382/2-1-Indiana%20barn%20images.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1263" data-original-width="1382" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMgsZAH5xfHbJ2QXSMia8thwmbRJ4LPFrkkJdDN-OspqaAUsWzAbXodg1LVYm1ob4xkGdjLJZNUQhQOhR4fVoAs4LRY_62zo0adpMtR11zxQhA66BmPGGkkr9-pg4Q-VHRbYaQW03JLiGmEar57ZuQhKTx0IOfdZ0kMf2rLu9lWjyWbs7FMO01HmJnQ/w200-h183/2-1-Indiana%20barn%20images.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br /></div><p></p><p> Once a carpenter knew his geometry he could layout a square in fewer steps.</p><p>The square with its arcs gives the carpenter 4 points - where the arcs cross each other - for dividing his square in half horizontally or vertically.<i> </i>This could have been used for the hall and the second floor beams. <i> </i><br /></p>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLczsodvymvmIkVzm5hCWDyLfLcsJw_i8nrzhm1fa_V_49k3nTXfHI8ZNc2CO2CIDDi-E7PAeOBXV7RRit8caiUs6eWJOhI_P2bIPf1fLBpLbEKEi-9y1jE42vIDgkIhddHOe9KM3i5bRP/s1600/parson+capen+house_0003.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLczsodvymvmIkVzm5hCWDyLfLcsJw_i8nrzhm1fa_V_49k3nTXfHI8ZNc2CO2CIDDi-E7PAeOBXV7RRit8caiUs6eWJOhI_P2bIPf1fLBpLbEKEi-9y1jE42vIDgkIhddHOe9KM3i5bRP/s1600/parson+capen+house_0003.jpg" width="200" /></a><p><br />
<br /> </p><p>The chimney and fireplaces were to be in the middle of the house. So the builder laid out the house foundation from the chimney block. The diagram shows in the center the brick which would have formed the back wall of the 4 fireplaces with 2 square spaces on either side: the parlor and the hall.</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPSNmVp1K3k1f-Pxx53rpCWtBPvIFHeZru_-zoAtB8M6Ln8lXoLoJmF33q376yMAE_UnJ1JzOMX7VHEZ8xUCAHmwM1BEZLZJvS3zBGZmgBJoHWX7y8CeMQl338Zg9S1t48L_bmSuxKUJtviuFlCU_YXythiGQBMiXI0czsd4ESJPbGWjSvYa9zM6XW0A/s2001/1-1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1427" data-original-width="2001" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPSNmVp1K3k1f-Pxx53rpCWtBPvIFHeZru_-zoAtB8M6Ln8lXoLoJmF33q376yMAE_UnJ1JzOMX7VHEZ8xUCAHmwM1BEZLZJvS3zBGZmgBJoHWX7y8CeMQl338Zg9S1t48L_bmSuxKUJtviuFlCU_YXythiGQBMiXI0czsd4ESJPbGWjSvYa9zM6XW0A/w203-h145/1-1-Image%20(2).jpg" width="203" /></a><br />
<br /> </p><p> </p><p>Next comes the fireplaces themselves, on both floors, and
the flues. On the first floor the main masonry block is a square in plan, the oven needed
half a square. Its flue joins the hall chimney.
</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj77YR7XXaEve7PhXmOyNI4Bfe3oXpBm7RwwTczjoNwSyRFQyhzxZoJg86YoHyYGLyuqsgUHH7AnKepMJqg5fRsLy4wmB6hTEWDpTF4xk81wTkZJc79dPyVwPSOPzSYpx512-5m3kNIXDMuqHYN5M18_wsPpPgfm1QbfknKjFuqC9JYHi93XbBAw95P3g/s1995/2-1-Image%20(2)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1434" data-original-width="1995" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj77YR7XXaEve7PhXmOyNI4Bfe3oXpBm7RwwTczjoNwSyRFQyhzxZoJg86YoHyYGLyuqsgUHH7AnKepMJqg5fRsLy4wmB6hTEWDpTF4xk81wTkZJc79dPyVwPSOPzSYpx512-5m3kNIXDMuqHYN5M18_wsPpPgfm1QbfknKjFuqC9JYHi93XbBAw95P3g/w208-h150/2-1-Image%20(2)-001.jpg" width="208" /></a></div> On the second floor the chimney mass is square. <br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL5JjiyJApEti3MWe61pUBT6mZg_5AUfcPO6uKSStmm4vJreL32-9_BYbAreGOM4TXIQQOjceHjF0wfYYIgI--e5DjZ3TG8kgQKflTcohLThKeI4ux4EeCMtFUk2t5-BRXvpPPRUU0RS5tS0elJQGINZ2yCnuVLSTnKOwFP_5D_1d8ojOsSyqgsy_5aA/s998/1-Image%20(2)-002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="995" data-original-width="998" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL5JjiyJApEti3MWe61pUBT6mZg_5AUfcPO6uKSStmm4vJreL32-9_BYbAreGOM4TXIQQOjceHjF0wfYYIgI--e5DjZ3TG8kgQKflTcohLThKeI4ux4EeCMtFUk2t5-BRXvpPPRUU0RS5tS0elJQGINZ2yCnuVLSTnKOwFP_5D_1d8ojOsSyqgsy_5aA/w184-h183/1-Image%20(2)-002.jpg" width="184" /></a></div> <p></p><p>The house has 4 bents, one on each end and one on either side of the chimney mass. The fireplaces depths on the second floor determine where the 2 interior bents are placed. It's possible there are bents across the rooms as well. However, since the summer beams on the first floor appear to be located over windows and the second floor beams do not match the first floor beams, I think not.<br />The Rule of Thirds was used to lay out the bents. It determined the heights of the floors and the placement of the windows. (The<span style="color: red;"> red arrows </span>indicate ceiling heights.)<br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8OM-IRxfpQtGsbxct3-C79NUjxZbCiXyPEmAYemiN_NFXTxP6b2538uVT7d0cVomqa3Rr7OBCARd9nOAkT-2ygNv3Yr55Y2SrOIbXuHF8Y5ST1leMOZX-DdI-2ZdlO7ASf9lcu8llD2SifbhxV-tMH-cM27rm9L6SzYiYT8TtRE8YXpJ-cTLXJLAUlQ/s833/1-Image.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="833" data-original-width="832" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8OM-IRxfpQtGsbxct3-C79NUjxZbCiXyPEmAYemiN_NFXTxP6b2538uVT7d0cVomqa3Rr7OBCARd9nOAkT-2ygNv3Yr55Y2SrOIbXuHF8Y5ST1leMOZX-DdI-2ZdlO7ASf9lcu8llD2SifbhxV-tMH-cM27rm9L6SzYiYT8TtRE8YXpJ-cTLXJLAUlQ/w160-h160/1-Image.jpg" width="160" /></a></div><p><i>See this description for how the Rule of Thirds works: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">https://www.jgrarchitect.com/2020/08/lesson-6-rule-of-thirds-part-1_21.html</span> </i> <br /></p><p></p><p>The cantilevered end beams for the second floor have drops below them. The beams for the interior bents have corbels. These are quite visible in the HABS photographs. The cantilevers for the roof also have drops, as well as corbels in the middle of the roof overhangs on the end elevations.<br /></p><p> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXB7e9aj_pufrh1RdPN_4q4fMTsBjm7tMItqhDPpwHqRPHJMMZvg98TVsssTj-JbZrnSdJknDGiK-H7XaPEJ4Ki9fyXnCIy40_sstnHphw9eJ5emZmYo-pHeHh-ErJG8kJ3TAWo5mVYDP2L9b8LfYvUSuY2LvgpVsKXWzs-dEFPnzMrLX1hWel-x6buA/s5000/3-parson%20capen2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3261" data-original-width="5000" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXB7e9aj_pufrh1RdPN_4q4fMTsBjm7tMItqhDPpwHqRPHJMMZvg98TVsssTj-JbZrnSdJknDGiK-H7XaPEJ4Ki9fyXnCIy40_sstnHphw9eJ5emZmYo-pHeHh-ErJG8kJ3TAWo5mVYDP2L9b8LfYvUSuY2LvgpVsKXWzs-dEFPnzMrLX1hWel-x6buA/s320/3-parson%20capen2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The second floor overhangs the first floor by about a foot on the
south/front side. This was popular in England as a way to protect the
daub and wattle walls from rain and wind. Here weather boards - known
today as clapboards - covered the frame, but the tradition continued.
The attic extends out over the second floor on the sides of the house
for the same reason.<p><i>These HABS photographs are beautiful and clear. Click the images to enlarge them.</i><br />
</p><p><br />
</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLJzWmRBZbHyRSSyEhEUdMBlitQyWHEda33OEqkjlK5DbEygyUSRvgDv9YB_CBochmiZMwwLaIFjydIRZ1kfR5IHT32mZNaNFQb5WW8QoYb90AOsBvxa_2-Fv48c0fowtUsTjXoClSbaofAubO7hxhiI_2znKpRKW08h_MobPCeBrm7EoVm8vbYD0IdQ/s999/1-Image%20(2).jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="999" data-original-width="993" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLJzWmRBZbHyRSSyEhEUdMBlitQyWHEda33OEqkjlK5DbEygyUSRvgDv9YB_CBochmiZMwwLaIFjydIRZ1kfR5IHT32mZNaNFQb5WW8QoYb90AOsBvxa_2-Fv48c0fowtUsTjXoClSbaofAubO7hxhiI_2znKpRKW08h_MobPCeBrm7EoVm8vbYD0IdQ/w171-h172/1-Image%20(2).jpg" width="171" /></a></div><p>The roof pitch and the placement of the ridge pole might have been laid out from the second floor. I have seen this proportion - the
crossed arcs of the side of the square - in other First Period houses, It may have been used here. <br /></p><p><br />Note the corbel beside the 2nd floor window which supports the roof overhang.<br /></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6NZZRFtKUVffyc0bfOGn0L9BzgnxGYAwX-4Py4uqhJ7NkFv30EwXvBarrbpjxKGkEoZBXKQ2vU68-5o8OVodkfiIzmxMiOMsouUfM8UJBWmBJfih-pQGYckq3hqYWluBJcNSoaHJCR5c21K2H5mBzQGFVoTTP4mw9OPrycdGSZ9uqyOLgKDkGxSNL9w/s1464/1-Image%20(2)-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1051" data-original-width="1464" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6NZZRFtKUVffyc0bfOGn0L9BzgnxGYAwX-4Py4uqhJ7NkFv30EwXvBarrbpjxKGkEoZBXKQ2vU68-5o8OVodkfiIzmxMiOMsouUfM8UJBWmBJfih-pQGYckq3hqYWluBJcNSoaHJCR5c21K2H5mBzQGFVoTTP4mw9OPrycdGSZ9uqyOLgKDkGxSNL9w/w238-h171/1-Image%20(2)-001.jpg" width="238" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p>Here is the front elevation with the drops and corbels noted. They accent the ends of the cantilevered beams which are the top plates of the bents. <br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibhvs5AFQXnHWeOOiWO4THYLn51UNDu5sYgvjSDLB5nSAMKmYPJoNMv3BIudUl3h-iIaPxckieFC_n1LLBnBYOjGfAL7n72m-COpFLCXHTznw-tiDrEQetCCYQd7JKskII3sxrAlTzAdAF/s1600/parson+capen+house_0002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibhvs5AFQXnHWeOOiWO4THYLn51UNDu5sYgvjSDLB5nSAMKmYPJoNMv3BIudUl3h-iIaPxckieFC_n1LLBnBYOjGfAL7n72m-COpFLCXHTznw-tiDrEQetCCYQd7JKskII3sxrAlTzAdAF/s1600/parson+capen+house_0002.jpg" width="245" /></a><br /><br /><i><i><br /></i>
</i>The beams:<br />
In the hall the beam which supports the second floor joists was set in the center.<br />
The parlor, the room to the left, is larger. It needed 2 beams. So the space is divided into thirds. These
beams are joined to the beam that runs between the 2 bents on this
side. The windows were placed where a post would be located under those beams if they were part of bents.<br /></p><p>On the second floor the ceiling beam are centered. All the beams appear to be set to the side of the lines, not on the line. <br /></p><p><br />
</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmEdQnOPHL58ZEJ50aQp0j3MCUu2HEzFXOaw2fN9fZVjcUSBae7vfjhuxUvw-hJC5YolcuWF1ea91yvJogLlYo4uwzuzklKa4r4UQqohY30Kho2-1jMZl1dDJEWosuTvxpWMtIs6r4zSvXF8AyXJTw1aJcCa3hndoiu-3EpYvvqCK2VpTkmS3zlPIouQ/s1210/Image-001.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="868" data-original-width="1210" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmEdQnOPHL58ZEJ50aQp0j3MCUu2HEzFXOaw2fN9fZVjcUSBae7vfjhuxUvw-hJC5YolcuWF1ea91yvJogLlYo4uwzuzklKa4r4UQqohY30Kho2-1jMZl1dDJEWosuTvxpWMtIs6r4zSvXF8AyXJTw1aJcCa3hndoiu-3EpYvvqCK2VpTkmS3zlPIouQ/w294-h211/Image-001.jpg" width="294" /></a></div><br />
<br />
This drawing may be an accurate depiction of the front elevation. However, the plans are not quite consistent with this layout. The windows might be set equidistant from the corners of the house, or not. They may be centered on the second floor rooms, but not on those on the first floor.<p></p><p>Both sets are grouped together in the same geometry. The casement windows are all the same size. <br /><b><i><br /></i></b>
</p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAxPLwrKSUNglOLocyxdv1TJf-mWvg6redXGNZAt6fSc1ZxcbyH0NCvtFkwMOS2nrVZgGcrwzOd8GU3UvQGx-MO6qDbyzAluI6lfQhrwDOYi3saEuXDIh__470qaM1Z-NnB91a8_vW2TdP/s1600/parson+capen+house.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><p> </p><p>The measured drawings for the Historic American Building Survey, HABS, were done at 1/8"= 1'-0", a scale which is fine for concept, but not good enough for serious consideration of construction details. They have very few dimensions.
The drawings from 1916 do not quite agree with HABS.<br />
Some observations:<br />
* The Golden Section is not used here. I find that the Golden Section is about growth; houses are about stability.<br />
* The front door is not centered on the facade; if it were the door could not be opened back against the front wall. The brackets sit under the 2nd floor beams extended to support the cantilever.<br />
<br /><br /></p><p><b><i>4/21/22: I wrote much of this 8 years ago. The layout of the foundation based on the location and size of the chimney back still makes sense. I revisited the framing and the elevations, understanding that the layout begins with the framer who must decide where the bents will be; how tall; where the marks for the mortises and tenons will be. And how will the second floor and roof cantilevers be supported? I explored how a daisy wheel might have determined the layout. The results were messy. The points were not useful markers for building this frame.</i></b><br />
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<br />Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03960577578174018923noreply@blogger.com0